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Vaccination of livestock against this highly infectious viral disease is crucial, and inactivated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FMD<\/jats:styled-content> vaccine has been effective at controlling infection. However, accumulated data show that the inactivated vaccine generates weak immune responses and that the oil formulation results in undesirable side effects. Mushroom lectins have recently been shown to display adjuvant effects when incorporated into <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> vaccines. In this study, to enhance the cellular immune response of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FMDV<\/jats:styled-content> antigen (146S), C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6 mice were immunized with 146S combined with <jats:italic>Xylaria hypoxylon<\/jats:italic> lectin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XHL<\/jats:styled-content>). The oil formulation (146S\/Oil) was served as control group. Strong humoral immune responses were elicited in mice immunized with 146S\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XHL<\/jats:styled-content> as shown by high 146S antigen\u2010specific IgG levels, and also in 146S\/Oil group. Interestingly, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XHL<\/jats:styled-content> in conjunction with inactivated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FMD<\/jats:styled-content> vaccine activated strong Th1 and Tc1 cell responses, especially Tfh cell responses, in immunized mice. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XHL<\/jats:styled-content> stimulated dendritic cell maturation by upregulating expression of major histocompatibility complex <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MHCII<\/jats:styled-content>) molecules and co\u2010stimulatory molecules <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>40 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>86 in immunized mice. No <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XHL<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific IgG or inflammatory factors were detected indicating the safety of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XHL<\/jats:styled-content> as an adjuvant. Taken together, these results suggest the effectiveness of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XHL<\/jats:styled-content> at inducing cellular immune responses and therefore confirm its suitability as an adjuvant for inactivated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FMD<\/jats:styled-content> vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,20]],"date-time":"2015-08-20T05:18:22Z","timestamp":1440047902000},"page":"436-442","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Xylaria hypoxylon<\/i> Lectin as Adjuvant Elicited Tfh Cell Responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Modern Sciences &amp;Technology Agricultural University of Hebei Baoding, china 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