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Toll\u2010like receptors (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s), representing the first line of immune defence against pathogens, are expressed in various cell types. The most abundant expression is found on monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stimulation with different\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ligands induces the kynurenine pathway in human peripheral monocytes. Cell supernatants were analysed using a liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry to measure kynurenine, kynurenic acid (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KYNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), quinolinic acid (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QUIN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and tryptophan. Stimulation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20102,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20103,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20104,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20107\/8 and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20109 was found to induce the production of kynurenine, but only stimulation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20103 increased levels of further downstream metabolites, such as\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KYNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">QUIN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Stimulation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20101,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20105 and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u20106 did not induce the kynurenine pathway. Taken together, this study provides novel evidence demonstrating that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    activation induces a pattern of downstream tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway in monocytes. The results of this study may implicate that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s can be used as new drug targets for the regulation of aberrant tryptophan metabolism along this pathway, a potential therapeutic strategy that may be of importance in several disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T14:34:01Z","timestamp":1473345241000},"page":"262-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Tryptophan Metabolism Along the Kynurenine Pathway Downstream of Toll\u2010like Receptor Stimulation in Peripheral Monocytes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Orhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 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