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The diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> remains challenging in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> co\u2010infected individuals, due to a high frequency of smear\u2010negative disease and high rates of extrapulmonary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>. Accurate, ease of use and rapid diagnosis of active <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> are critical to the World Health Organization (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WHO<\/jats:styled-content>) End <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> Strategy by 2050. Traditional laboratory techniques do not provide rapid and accurate results to effectively manage <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> co\u2010infected patients. Over the last decade, molecular methods have provided significant steps in the fight against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>. However, many <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> co\u2010infected patients do not have access to these molecular diagnostic tests. Given the costs closely related with confirming a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> patients, an overtreatment for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> is used in this patient population. Nowadays, an estimated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> $8 billion a year is required to provide <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> treatment, which is very high compared with making an important strategy to improve the current diagnostic tests. This review focuses on current advances in diagnosing active <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> with an emphasis on the diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010associated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content>. Also discussed are the main challenges that need to be overcome for improving an adequate initial diagnosis of active <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TB<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T11:48:39Z","timestamp":1495021719000},"page":"76-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in <scp>HIV<\/scp> Co\u2010infected Individuals: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities for the Future"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8272-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"M\u00e9ndez\u2010Samperio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas IPN M\u00e9xico M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2016","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0449"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000802"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)70058-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.16141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60284-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"442","article-title":"Sputum smear microscopy in tuberculosis: is it still relevant?","volume":"137","author":"Desikan P","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1200894"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70602-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70578-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Fluorescent Light\u2010Emitting Diode (LED) Microscopy for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Policy Statement","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"The use of Liquid Medium for Culture and DST","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03036-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"The use of a Commercial Loop\u2010Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay (TB\u2010LAMP) for the Detection of Tuberculosis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2013.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Rapid Implementation of the Xpert MTB\/RIF Diagnostic Test: Technical and Operational \u2018how to\u2019 Practical Considerations. 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