{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:35:00Z","timestamp":1774964100290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]],"date-time":"2017-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Hymenolepis nana<\/jats:italic> is the most commonly known intestinal cestode infecting mainly human. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of chitosan particles (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSP<\/jats:styled-content>) to enhance the immune system against <jats:italic>H.\u00a0nana<\/jats:italic> infection. Determination of worm burden, egg output, histopathological changes, oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione), goblet (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>s) and mucosal mast cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMC<\/jats:styled-content>s) counts in intestinal ileum was performed. In addition, levels of intestinal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of interleukin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20104, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109, stem cell factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCF<\/jats:styled-content>), type I and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> interferons (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\/ <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, tumour necrosis factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNF<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, mucin 2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNO<\/jats:styled-content>s) were investigated using real\u2010time <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>. The results indicated induced reductions in adult worm and egg counts in infected mice after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSP<\/jats:styled-content> treatment. This was associated with improvement in tissue morphometric measurements and oxidative stress which were altered after infection. Expression levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iNO<\/jats:styled-content>s, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 were decreased by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSP<\/jats:styled-content>. Conversely, expression levels of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MUC<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCF<\/jats:styled-content> increased compared to infected untreated group. In addition, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GC<\/jats:styled-content>s and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMC<\/jats:styled-content>s counts were normalized by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSP<\/jats:styled-content>. In conclusion, this study could indicate the immunoprotective effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSP<\/jats:styled-content> against <jats:italic>H.\u00a0nana<\/jats:italic> infection. This was characterized with Th2 anti\u2010inflammatory responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T11:46:59Z","timestamp":1495021619000},"page":"83-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Immunoprotective Effect of Chitosan Particles on <i>Hymenolepis nana<\/i> \u2013 Infected Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5060-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Abdel\u2010Latif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Beni\u2010Suef University Beni\u2010Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"El\u2010Shahawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Beni\u2010Suef University Beni\u2010Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Aboelhadid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Beni\u2010Suef University Beni\u2010Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Abdel\u2010Tawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Beni\u2010Suef University Beni\u2010Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"194","article-title":"Survey of house rat intestinal parasites from Surabaya district, east Java, Indonesia that can cause opportunistic infections in humans. Southeast Asian","volume":"47","author":"Prasetyo RH","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12885"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00930974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00333.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Effect of some immunomodulators on the host\u2010parasite system in experimental Hymenolepiasis nana","volume":"36","author":"Sanad MM","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(96)00167-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwv005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(91)90015-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.5.1734-1741.1997","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage priming by intravenous administration of chitin particles, polymers of N\u2010acetyl\u2010 D\u2010glucosamine, in mice","volume":"65","author":"Shibata Y","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i10.1547"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(87)90089-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2003.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(68)90092-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of mucus in the protection of the gastroduodenal mucosa","volume":"217","author":"Allen A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-197901010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5035-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-10-0026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08982100600680816"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-100105182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1995.tb00919.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02024-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intake of saffron reduces \u03b3\u2010radiation\u2010induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice","volume":"15","author":"Koul A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.8.4229"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.13.5513"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00908.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FM0070262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2327"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00572.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2430-2438.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7086","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.12.7086","article-title":"IFN inhibits inflammatory responses and protective immunity in mice infected with the nematode parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis","volume":"151","author":"Urban JF","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Interferons differentially regulate histamine and TNF\u2010alpha in rat intestinal mucosal mast cells","volume":"86","author":"Bissonnette EY","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.99-0898com"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/439865"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fsji.12568","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.12568","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T14:54:33Z","timestamp":1695567273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sji.12568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sji.12568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.12568","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-07-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}