{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:18:35Z","timestamp":1760404715992,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Finnish Government Subsidy for Health Science Research"},{"name":"Crucell Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary immunization with polysaccharide vaccines may imply a risk of hyporesponsiveness. Despite the wide use of typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, its potential tendency to hyporesponsiveness has been inadequately addressed. While previous studies have explored serum antibody responses, we applied a more sensitive approach, a single\u2010cell assay for circulating plasmablasts, to compare primary and secondary responses. Twelve subjects received primary and booster doses of the Vi vaccine (Typherix<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) at 30\u2010 to 37\u2010month intervals. Plasmablasts specific to the Vi or typhoidal O antigens or cross\u2010reactive with paratyphoid and non\u2010typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> strains were identified as antibody\u2010secreting cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASC<\/jats:styled-content>) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISPOT<\/jats:styled-content>. Before vaccinations, none had plasmablasts specific to the antigens tested. Twelve of 12 subjects showed a Vi\u2010specific response after primary, but only eight of 12 after booster vaccination. All responded to typhoidal O\u20109,12 antigen after both immunizations. The geometric mean of plasmablasts specific to the Vi antigen was 59 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 24\u2013119) and 1 (0\u201054) IgA\u00a0+\u00a0IgG\u00a0+\u00a0IgM\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASC<\/jats:styled-content>\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> peripheral blood mononuclear cell (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>) after primary and booster immunizations, respectively, and 20 (9\u201349) and 56 (29\u2013103) to the O\u20109,12 antigen. We detected 1 (0\u201328) and 17 (6\u201336) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASC<\/jats:styled-content>\/10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content> cross\u2010reactive with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A; 3 (0\u201330) and 22 (8\u201348) with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0Paratyphi B; 3 (0\u201329) and 18 (7\u201347) with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0Paratyphi C; 19 (10\u201034) and 51 (26\u201094) with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Enteritidis; and 1 (0\u201335) and 23 (9\u201352) with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium, respectively. One\u2010third of the vaccinees, although responding to the O\u20109,12 antigen, failed to respond to the Vi antigen after booster immunization, suggesting hyporesponsiveness in part of the vaccinees. The findings warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T16:26:39Z","timestamp":1499099199000},"page":"207-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Specific and Cross\u2010reactive Plasmablast Response in Humans after Primary and Secondary Immunization with Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"S. H.","family":"Pakkanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Immunology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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