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However, the relationship of these immune mediators and disease severity is hard to be established in naturally infected individuals. The current study evaluates the association between plasma concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIF<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> sTNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010R1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>7 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>24 and schistosomiasis morbidity in <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected patients with a low parasite burden. For this propose, 97 <jats:italic>S.\u00a0mansoni<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected individuals were subjected to abdominal ultrasound analysis and clinical examination. Among them, 88 had plasma concentration of immune mediators estimated by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content> assay. Multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between the plasma concentration of immune mediators and the variables investigated. Although most individuals presented low parasite burden, over 30% of them showed signs of fibrosis defined by ultrasound measurements and 2 patients had a severe form of schistosomiasis. No association between parasite burden and the plasma levels of chemokine\/cytokines or disease severity was observed. There was a positive association between plasma concentration of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>4, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sTNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010R1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIF<\/jats:styled-content> with gall bladder thickness and\/or with portal vein thickness that are liver fibrosis markers. In contrast, no association was found between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>7 plasma concentrations with any of the schistosomiasis morbidity parameters evaluated. The data showed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>24, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sTNFR<\/jats:styled-content>1, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIF<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3 can be detected in plasma of <jats:italic>S.\u00a0mansoni<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected individuals and their concentration would be used as prognostic makers of <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced liver fibrosis, even in individuals with low parasite burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T05:18:18Z","timestamp":1516771098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Plasma levels of innate immune mediators are associated with liver fibrosis in low parasite burden <i>Schistosoma mansoni\u2010<\/i>infected individuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"J. 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