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While the pathogenesis is still unknown, abnormalities have been reported in the B cell compartment. In this study, we analysed the B cell subsets of patients with an initial <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THI<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis (n\u00a0=\u00a020) and compared them with those of healthy age\u2010matched Turkish children (n\u00a0=\u00a072).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flow cytometric analyses of the B subsets were performed by staining\u00a0with anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>27\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PE<\/jats:styled-content>, anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>19\u2010Per<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CP<\/jats:styled-content>, anti\u2010IgD\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FITC<\/jats:styled-content> and anti\u2010IgM\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APC<\/jats:styled-content> antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During a median follow\u2010up of 6.6\u00a0years, 13 patients whose IgG levels had normalized before they reached four years of age were diagnosed with definitive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THI<\/jats:styled-content>. The memory subsets of these patients were lower but not statistically different from the healthy controls (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>). The remaining seven patients had prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia after the age of four and had significantly lower memory B cell subsets compared to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>. On follow\u2010up, these patients had not experienced recurrent infections or autoimmunity. Re\u2010evaluation of patients\u2019 B cell subsets six years later showed that the memory B cell ratios had increased to levels comparable to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>, despite the patients still having mildly low IgG levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia had lower levels of memory B cells despite having a similar clinical course to patients who had been diagnosed with definitive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THI<\/jats:styled-content>. This subgroup of putative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">THI<\/jats:styled-content> patients poses a diagnostic and classification dilemma. Our results suggested that these patients\u2019 memory B cells and IgG levels may recover over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,25]],"date-time":"2018-08-25T13:27:43Z","timestamp":1535203663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["B lymphocyte subsets and outcomes in patients with an initial diagnosis of transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2364-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fehime K.","family":"Eroglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nephrology Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children Training and Research Hospital Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Aerts Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Stem 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