{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:11:02Z","timestamp":1790183462186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["55\/5\/20I2\u2010BMS (Pt\u2010IV)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55\/5\/20I2\u2010BMS (Pt\u2010IV)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs), TLR2 in particular, are shown to recognize various glycans and glycolipid ligands resulting in various immune effector functions. As barley \u03b2\u2010glucan and zymosan are the glycans implicated in immunomodulation, we examined whether these ligands interact with Dectin\u20101, a lectin\u2010type receptor for glycans, and TLR2 and induce immune responses that can be used against <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection in a susceptible host. The binding affinity of barley \u03b2\u2010glucan and zymosan with Dectin\u20101 and TLR2 was studied in silico. Barley \u03b2\u2010glucan\u2010 and zymosan\u2010induced dectin\u20101 and TLR2 co\u2010localization was studied by confocal microscopy and co\u2010immunoprecipitation. These ligands\u2010induced signalling and effector functions were assessed by Western blot analyses and various immunological assays. Finally, the anti\u2010leishmanial potential of barley \u03b2\u2010glucan and zymosan was tested in <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> \u2010infected macrophages and in <jats:italic>L.\u00a0donovani<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected BALB\/c mice. Both barley \u03b2\u2010glucan and zymosan interacted with TLR2 and dectin\u20101, but with a much stronger binding affinity for the latter, and therefore induced co\u2010localization of these two receptors on BALB\/c\u2010derived macrophages. Both ligandsactivated MyD88\u2010 and Syk\u2010mediated downstream pathways for heightened inflammatory responses in <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected macrophages. These two ligands induced T cell\u2013dependent host protection in <jats:italic>L.\u00a0donovani<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected BALB\/c mice. These results establish a novel modus operandi of \u03b2\u2010glucans through dectin\u20101 and TLR2 and suggest an immuno\u2010modulatory potential against infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T07:58:21Z","timestamp":1596527901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Barley beta\u2010Glucan and Zymosan induce Dectin\u20101 and Toll\u2010like receptor 2 co\u2010localization and anti\u2010leishmanial immune response in <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>\u2010infected BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0957-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Patidar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Cell Science Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trishna","family":"Mahanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Tripura University Agartala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan","family":"Raybarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Tripura University Agartala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0685-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya Y.","family":"Sarode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Cell Science Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surajit","family":"Basak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics ICMR\u2010National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-7912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Cell Science Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9233-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surajit","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Tripura University Agartala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.5.5.691"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-024406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"230","article-title":"The Toll\u2010Like Receptor 2 (TLR2)\u2010Related Immunopathological Responses in the Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"18","author":"Jafarzadeh A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iranian J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Leishmaniasis fact sheet. 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