{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:58:54Z","timestamp":1780455534161,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early airway responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\u20102 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection are of interest since they could decide whether coronavirus disease\u201019 (COVID\u201019) will proceed to life\u2010threatening pulmonary disease stages. Here I discuss endothelial\u2010epithelial co\u2010operative in vivo responses producing first\u2010line, humoral innate defence opportunities in human airways. The pseudostratified epithelium of human nasal and tracheobronchial airways are prime sites of exposure and infection by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Just beneath the epithelium runs a profuse systemic microcirculation. Its post\u2010capillary venules respond conspicuously to mucosal challenges with autacoids, allergens and microbes, and to mere loss of epithelium. By active venular endothelial gap formation, followed by transient yielding of epithelial junctions, non\u2010sieved plasma macromolecules move from the microcirculation to the mucosal surface. Hence, plasma\u2010derived protein cascade systems and antimicrobial peptides would have opportunity to operate jointly on an unperturbed mucosal lining. Similarly, a plasma\u2010derived, dynamic gel protects sites of epithelial sloughing\u2010regeneration. Precision for this indiscriminate humoral molecular response lies in restricted location and well\u2010regulated duration of plasma exudation. Importantly, the endothelial responsiveness of the airway microcirculation differs distinctly from the relatively non\u2010responsive, low\u2010pressure pulmonary microcirculation that non\u2010specifically, almost irreversibly, leaks plasma in life\u2010threatening COVID\u201019. Observations in humans of infections with rhinovirus, coronavirus 229E, and influenza A and B support a general but individually variable early occurrence of plasma exudation in human infected nasal and tracheobronchial airways. Investigations are warranted to elucidate roles of host\u2010 and drug\u2010induced airway plasma exudation in restriction of viral infection and, specifically, whether it contributes to variable disease responses following exposure to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:07:23Z","timestamp":1612310843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Early humoral defence: Contributing to confining COVID\u201019 to conducting airways?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"Persson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine University Hospital of Lund Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.34.6.777"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90533-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/10419"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00470-2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.1.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489309135878"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1998.00317.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000506515"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.44.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00730.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.11.964"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.29.4.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.4.9712082"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13a09.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.5_Pt_1.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338716"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.2.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489609137719"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198803000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13481"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/139.6.653"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1048-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.6.1535"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02680.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.12.993"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03879.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07061120","article-title":"Glucocorticoids may not inhibit plasma exudation by direct vascular antipermeability effects in human airways","volume":"7","author":"Greiff L","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-097X.2002.00390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.2.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1998.00372.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07880.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000235146"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00833.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01025.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-0600(89)90030-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018352"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.2.817"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000235206"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.1999.00527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-5402(85)90003-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00583399"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1994.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","first-page":"2611","volume-title":"The Lung: Scientific Foundations","author":"Persson CGA","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12777"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201006-039RN"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10010020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1994.tb02656.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140711"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.4.472"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70153-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12471"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1057-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"The hamster cheek pouch \u2013 an experimental model to study postischemic macromolecular permeability","volume":"4","author":"Persson NH","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Microcirc Clin Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.42.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(92)90326-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02374-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WahlA GralinskiL JohnsonC et al.Acute SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection is highly cytopathic elicits a robust innate immune response and is efficiently prevented by EIDD\u20102801. 2020 Preprint.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs\u201080404\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-80404\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.20401"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.13024","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sji.13024","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.13024","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T21:34:09Z","timestamp":1693604049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sji.13024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sji.13024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.13024","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13024"}}