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However, the protective role of intracellular specific IgA (icIgA) is less well defined. Initially, in vitro studies using epithelial cell lines with surface expressed polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in transwell culture chambers have shown that icIgA can neutralize influenza, parainfluenza, HIV, rotavirus and measles viruses. This effect appears to involve an interaction between polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) and viral particles within an intracellular compartment, since IgA is transported across the polarized cell. Co\u2010localization of specific icIgA with influenza virus in patients' (virus culture positive) respiratory epithelial cells using well\u2010characterized antisera was initially reported in 2018. This review provides a summary of in vitro studies with icIgA on colocalization and neutralization of the above five viruses. Two other highly significant respiratory infectious agents with severe global impacts viz. SARS\u20102 virus (CoViD pandemic) and the intracellular bacterium\u2014<jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\u2014are discussed. Further studies will provide more detailed understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of icIgA neutralization in relation to viral entry and early replication steps with a specific focus on mucosal infections. This will inform the design of more effective vaccines against infectious agents transmitted via the mucosal route.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T05:35:17Z","timestamp":1672810517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intracellular immunoglobulin A (<scp>icIgA<\/scp>) in protective immunity and vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1924-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuck\u2010Weng","family":"Kok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Adelaide, Faculty of Health &amp; Medical Sciences and School of Biological Sciences  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3208-2330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo 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