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We investigated whether the cell\u2010mediated immune responses to <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (Mtb) antigens could provide such biomarkers. The study subjects (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009174) comprised a cohort of smear\u2010positive, drug\u2010sensitive, HIV\u2010negative pulmonary TB patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200954) and their household contacts (HC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009120). Whole blood cultures, in the presence or absence of Mtb antigens\u2010 membrane (MtM), purified protein derivative (PPD) and alpha\u2010crystallin (Acr), or the mitogen PHA were subjected to determinations, by flow cytometry, for T cell proliferative and, by ELISA, for IFN\u2010\u03b3, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IL\u20106 cytokine responses. Additionally, serum levels of the three cytokines were also estimated. The strongest cell\u2010proliferative and cytokine responses were induced by MtM and IL\u20106 was the most abundantly produced cytokine. While none of the responses induced by Mtb antigens or the serum cytokines levels could discriminate between TB and HC, the ex\u00a0vivo cytokine responses induced by PHA or \u2018spontaneously\u2019 could apparently do so. The concentrations of IFN\u2010\u03b3 induced by PHA in TB blood cultures were significantly lower than in HC cultures (AUC\u2009=\u20090.72). Conversely, the spontaneous IFN\u2010\u03b3 or TNF\u2010\u03b1 secretions in TB cultures were significantly higher than in HC cultures (AUC\u2009=\u20090.66). Our results suggest that IL\u20106 responses to MtM could be a sensitive indicator of TBI, and low levels of PHA\u2010induced or high levels of spontaneous IFN\u2010\u03b3 secretions in HC blood cultures may indicate a progressive infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T20:50:05Z","timestamp":1726606205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relevance of antigen\u2010induced <scp>IL<\/scp>\u20106 and mitogen\u2010induced or spontaneous <scp>IFN<\/scp>\u2010\u03b3 secretions in whole blood cultures for detection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i> infection and disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3149-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudhir","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9695-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fareha","family":"Umam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prerna","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DOTS Centre Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2187-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amita","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"The END TB strategy","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis. 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