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A human haematopoietic stem cell (Hu\u2010HSC) mice model of syphilis was constructed through inoculation with <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic>. Blood and tissue samples were collected at serial time points (0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 42\u2009days post\u2010infection) to analyse changes in the immune response and the presence of <jats:italic>T. pallidum polA<\/jats:italic> DNA and mRNA in the Hu\u2010HSC mice. <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> increased the percentage of helper T cell (Th) 1 and Th2 cells and induced the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the Hu\u2010HSC mice, with a pattern of increasing and then decreasing response. However, there were no significant changes in the percentage of Th17 and Treg cells. <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum polA<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in various organs such as the liver and spleen, indicating the dissemination of <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> in the tissues. Furthermore, these organs were found to maintain the activity of <jats:italic>T. pallidum<\/jats:italic> through the detection of <jats:italic>T. pallidum polA<\/jats:italic> mRNA. These results suggested that <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> induced the Th1 and Th2 immune response and disseminated in tissues in Hu\u2010HSC mice. This study can provide a basis for future in\u00a0vivo research on syphilis using the Hu\u2010HSC mouse model and offer new references for explaining the pathogenesis of human syphilis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T06:03:48Z","timestamp":1740549828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characteristics of immune response and pathogen tissue dissemination during progressive <i>Treponema pallidum<\/i> infection: Insights from humanized mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Ya\u2010Wen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine Xiamen University  Xiamen China"},{"name":"Center for Medical Genetics, Zhangzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University  Zhangzhou 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