{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:18:09Z","timestamp":1784852289612,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aplastic Anaemia (AA) is a rare, life\u2010threatening condition characterised by bone marrow failure and pancytopenia. The primary treatment options include haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and immunosuppressive therapy (IST), each with distinct advantages and limitations. While HSCT offers a potential cure, its use is limited by factors such as donor availability, graft\u2010versus\u2010host disease, and its unsuitability for older patients. In contrast, IST is less invasive and more widely accessible, with a success rate of 60%\u201390%, but it carries a high risk of relapse and progression to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and clonal evolution. Predictive markers are crucial for personalising treatment, monitoring efficacy and assessing relapse risk. However, only a few markers are currently implemented in clinical decision\u2010making. This review focuses on the clinical, immunological and genetic markers, including cytokine levels, telomere length and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) clone size, which have been identified as potential predictors of IST response in AA. Most studies have been retrospective in nature, with variability in techniques and therapies, leading to inconsistency and limited reproducibility. Future large\u2010scale prospective studies, conducted with standardised protocols, are essential to validate these markers. The development of a robust scoring system that integrates clinical and molecular data holds promise for improving personalised treatment approaches, ultimately enhancing AA management and patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:34:21Z","timestamp":1741754061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictive Markers for Response to Immunosuppressive Therapy in Aplastic Anaemia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1747-977X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Immunology and Leucocytes Biology Department ICMR\u2010National Institute of Immunohematology  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6380-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha","family":"Madkaikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Immunology and Leucocytes Biology Department ICMR\u2010National Institute of Immunohematology  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Aplastic Anemia: Acquired and Inherited","author":"Young N. S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-03-010777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102011\u201003\u2010342528"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102015\u201001\u2010623048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.204685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2013.1.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.042622"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-013-1674-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2015.132530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25820"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15650"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2009.01378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277\u2010015\u20102348\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.208091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2010.032805"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S325742"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-09-806489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.May.30.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13853"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102017\u201002\u2010766204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409\u2010018\u20100254\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-693481"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-274019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103975"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375\u2010022\u201001636\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021006716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v13i10.45513"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood\u20102021\u2010145549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2018.1.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1993.tb08288.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Predicting Response of Severe Aplastic Anemia to Immunosuppression Combined With Eltrombopag","volume":"107","author":"Zaimoku Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hema"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.748610"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v97.1.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.091165"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","article-title":"Telomere Length Is Significantly Reduced in Patients With Aplastic Anemia and Is Not Influenced by Gender and Severity","volume":"130","author":"Edison E. S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1376"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2016.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501313120501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-703702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-368308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501739"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.176701"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16651"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00909-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2024.102857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10245332.2017.1289323"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.6.3106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2018.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.182824"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","first-page":"2778","article-title":"Germline Variants in Acquired Aplastic Anemia: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives","volume":"109","author":"Wang P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hema"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-119414"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T08:33:28Z","timestamp":1745138008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sji.70010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sji.70010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.70010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70010"}}