{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:35:07Z","timestamp":1791462907436,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine leptin's effect on the thymus, we gathered data on leptin levels, ghrelin, cortisol and cytokine levels. The aim of the study was to map leptin's effect on the thymus when malnourished. Pubmed and Embase were searched for articles by the search terms \u2018malnutrition\u2019 and \u2018leptin\u2019. The risk of bias was assessed by using JBI critical appraisal tools. Results were presented in tables and forest plots generated using STATA. A total of 16 articles were included. All articles included in the study are researching leptin, cortisol, or ghrelin, as well as cytokines. Forest plots were created for leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, Interleukin 10 (IL\u201010) and Interferon gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3). Leptin had an overall effect size of 3.01 (95% CI 0.51; 5.51), ghrelin had an overall effect size of \u22121.71 (\u22122.97, \u22120.45), cortisol had an overall effect size of \u22121.16 (\u22121.49, \u22120.83), IL\u201010 had an overall effect size of \u22120.34 (95% CI \u20100.54; \u22120.14) and IFN\u2010\u03b3 had an overall effect size of \u22120.02 (95% CI \u22120.25; 0.22), respectively. Our data revealed a decrease in leptin levels and an increase in cortisol, ghrelin and IL\u201010 when compared with control. This review displayed a relationship between leptin, cortisol, ghrelin and thymus atrophy. The change in T\u2010helper cells contributes to the increased thymocyte depletion seen when severely malnourished. Leptin cannot explain all the changes observed, but may give insight into how it is a contributing factor in the changes the thymus undergoes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T06:03:36Z","timestamp":1742191416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Factors Involved in Thymic Atrophy in Severely Malnourished Children: A Systemic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0649-8684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilie","family":"Lindebjerg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3763-8839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thora Wesenberg","family":"Helt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0890-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vibeke Brix","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Global Nutrition Report \u201c2018 Global Nutrition Report \u201d (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265150361S103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19960065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.193"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Thymus Size Evaluated by Sonography: A Longitudinal Study on Infants During the First Year of Life","volume":"38","author":"Hasselbalch H.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Radiologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02457-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507832880"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Immuno\u2010Nutritional Recovery of Children With Severe Malnutrition","volume":"6","author":"Chevalier P.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sant\u00e9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390\u2010020\u20101057\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110002545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03361.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Serum Leptin Levels Among Malnourished Children with and Without Pneumonia","volume":"1","author":"Al Biltagi M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013\u20104018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265150361S114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmx075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8636"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2000.6745"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2008.02606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-3291.ijcp20182558"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"1315","article-title":"Plasma Ghrelin in Marasmic Infants","volume":"2","author":"Mohsen M. 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