{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:12:08Z","timestamp":1790993528446,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004320","name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vitiligo is a complex autoimmune disease of the skin characterised by the loss of melanocytes, resulting in depigmented patches on the skin. Despite advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment, challenges such as delayed diagnosis and limited therapeutic efficacy remain. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), has become a transformative tool in medical science, offering new approaches for early diagnosis, treatment optimization, and drug repurposing. This review examines the current status and recent advances in AI\u2010based methods for vitiligo, highlighting deep neural network diagnostic tools, transformer\u2010based image classifiers, and predictive models that surpass the accuracy of dermatologists. Moreover, AI\u2010driven analyses of gene expression, protein interactions, and pharmacological networks have facilitated drug repurposing and accelerated therapeutic discovery. However, several challenges hinder the full clinical integration of AI. These include the need for large, diverse, high\u2010quality datasets; limited representation of darker skin tones; lack of model interpretability; and ethical issues related to patient privacy, data ownership, and accountability for diagnostic errors. Integrating AI tools into existing healthcare systems also requires overcoming interoperability barriers and adapting clinical workflows. Addressing these challenges through the development of explainable, ethically governed, and inclusively trained AI systems will be crucial for realising the full potential of AI in improving vitiligo diagnosis and treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T04:31:15Z","timestamp":1765168275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transforming Vitiligo Diagnosis and Treatment Through Artificial Intelligence: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Nasser","family":"Gholijani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Diseases Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Bazgiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science Faculty of Animal and Food Science, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan  Mollasani Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gholamhossien","family":"Darya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeinab","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoimmune Diseases Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"New Insights Into Immune Mechanisms of Vitiligo","volume":"151","author":"Boniface K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia: Organo Ufficiale, Societa Italiana di Dermatologia e Sifilografia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000506103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62960-5"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","article-title":"Vitiligo: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Joge R. 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