{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:22:02Z","timestamp":1773930122408,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323S107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323S107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Triple\u2010negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with limited therapeutic options, and impairment of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity within the tumour microenvironment remains a major challenge. The present study investigated the role of the NogoA\/Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1) axis in modulating NK cell\u2013mediated cytotoxicity against TNBC cells. NK\u201092 and MDA\u2010MB\u2010231 cells were co\u2010cultured at optimised effector\u2010to\u2010target ratios, followed by treatment with the NgR1 antagonist NEP1\u201040. Cell viability was assessed by WST\u20101 assay, apoptosis was evaluated using AO\/DAPI staining, gene expression was analysed by RT\u2010PCR, and downstream pathways together with immune infiltration were examined in silico. Blockade of NogoA\/NgR1 signalling increased NK\u201092\u2013mediated cytotoxicity (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). NEP1\u201040 reduced tumour cell viability from approximately 81% to 50% and significantly increased apoptotic cell death (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Expression analysis revealed repression of oncogenic and migration\u2010associated genes, including CDK4, MYC, NF\u2010\u03baB1, VEGFA, FGF1, N\u2010cadherin and CD155, consistent with enhanced NK cell\u2013mediated cytotoxicity and reduced tumour immune evasion. Functional annotation identified the PI3K\/AKT pathway alongside cell cycle\u2013related processes as candidate downstream mechanisms, while correlation analysis showed that most NogoA\u2010regulated genes were significantly negatively associated with NK cell infiltration (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), highlighting their role in immune escape. These findings suggest that NogoA regulates both tumour behaviour and immune remodelling in TNBC by enhancing NK cell\u2013mediated cytotoxicity, promoting apoptosis and suppressing immune evasion pathways. Targeting the NgR1\/NogoA axis may therefore represent a promising approach to strengthen NK cell\u2013based immunotherapy, offering a novel therapeutic avenue in TNBC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T04:09:54Z","timestamp":1770955794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting NgR1\/NogoA Signalling Enhances Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity and Alters Immune and Oncogenic Pathways in TNBC Cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu\u011fcan","family":"Korak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Kocaeli University  Kocaeli Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merve Gulsen Bal","family":"Albayrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology Gastroenterology and Hepatology Institute, Kocaeli University  Kocaeli Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Kasap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Kocaeli University  Kocaeli Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6438-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevinc","family":"Yanar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University  Ankara Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurler","family":"Akpinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine Kocaeli University  Kocaeli Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8090957"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-023-00508-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v11.i7.464"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Harnessing Natural Killer Cell\u2010Mediated Innate Immune Responses for Cancer Treatment: Advances and Challenges","volume":"7","author":"Kumar A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exploration Research and Hypothesis in Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01394-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-14-0161"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cell Signaling, Principles and Mechanisms","author":"Lim W.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707780362925"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207780162944"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156800909789057006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12767"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2013.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Effect of Nigella sativa L. 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