{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:14:43Z","timestamp":1776212083281,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by persistent hyperglycemia, systemic metabolic dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR). Recent progress in the interplay between the immune system and metabolism highlights the critical role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of IR and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review explores the immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying IR and the potential immunotherapies to modulate these pathways, with a focus on immune cells, inflammatory mediators and immune checkpoint regulation. Recent advances in immunotherapy have opened new avenues for restoring metabolic homeostasis and improving insulin sensitivity. Targeted approaches, including monoclonal antibodies against TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20106, have been reported to have antifibrotic and anti\u2010inflammatory effects, reducing inflammation\u2010driven insulin resistance. Additionally, inhibitors of NF\u2010\u03baB, JAK\/STAT and JNK signalling pathways have been reported to enhance insulin sensitivity. Immunoregulatory therapeutics using MSC (mesenchymal stem cell) and Treg (regulatory T cell) therapy and cytokine vaccine\u2010based vaccines are emerging as innovative therapeutic options for T2DM. Despite these advances, problems such as immune\u2010related toxic reactions, patient and individual\u2010specific variability, and the requirement for precision medicine approaches persist as obstacles to translational application from the clinics to industry levels. In this review, an overview of preclinical and clinical evidence for immunotherapeutic approaches to IR is described, and recommendations for future developments in integrating these therapies into personalised diabetes management are provided. Targeting immune\u2010mediated inflammation with immunotherapies can lead to a new era in T2DM therapy, which will provide new approaches to enhance insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1770350761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immunotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Ravichandran","family":"Sanjai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology  Kattankulathur Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5450-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunka 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