{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:22:03Z","timestamp":1773930123812,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Helminthiasis refers to infections caused by parasitic worms, which represent a significant global health burden, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathophysiology of helminth infections is highly complex, largely due to the intricate interactions between the host's immune system and the parasite's sophisticated immune evasion strategies. These parasites can modulate host immunity to ensure their long\u2010term survival, often inducing regulatory responses that hinder both natural immunity and vaccine development. However, in recent decades, new vaccine candidates have emerged that show promise in combating these infections. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the host immune response to helminth infections, examine the mechanisms by which helminths evade immune detection, and explore advances in vaccine development as a strategy for controlling these neglected diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T04:50:06Z","timestamp":1770785406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological Dynamics of Helminth Infections: From Host Defence and Immune Evasion Mechanisms to Vaccine Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8872-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Serrano\u2010Coll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical\u2010Universidad CES  Medell\u00edn Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"467","volume-title":"Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics [Internet]","author":"Marcdante K. J.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Chapter\u00a087: Helminths: Pathogenesis and Defenses [Internet]","author":"Wakelin D."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0707-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"2169","volume-title":"Goldman\u2010Cecil Medicine [Internet]","author":"Diemert D. J.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Conn's Current Therapy 2025 [Internet]","author":"Gilotra T.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"3463","volume-title":"Mandell, Douglas, Bennett Enfermedades Infecciosas Principios y pr\u00e1ctica [Internet]","author":"Fairley J. K.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine [Internet]","author":"Dockrell D.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011561"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00567-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05040-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1418500"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00496-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509070112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","volume-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immunology","author":"Abbas A.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","first-page":"4415","article-title":"IL\u201027 Suppresses Th2 Cell Development and Th2 Cytokines Production From Polarized Th2 Cells: A Novel Therapeutic Way for Th2\u2010Mediated Allergic Inflammation","volume":"179","author":"Yoshimoto T.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.1371"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-017-0114-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636661"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1714"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090344"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.3.375"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009340"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.13.5513"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.6.899"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0102-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.9.4425-4430.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70134-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.020"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Binding of GPI\u2010PLD\u2010Treated DAF to the Surface of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomula","volume":"27","author":"Carvalho E. M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas e Biologicas"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Decay Accelerating Factor (CD55)","volume":"178","author":"Nicholson\u2010Weller A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"2751","article-title":"Host\u2010Specific Evasion of the Alternative Complement Pathway by Schistosomes Correlates With the Presence of a Phospholipase C\u2010Sensitive Surface Molecule Resembling Human Decay Accelerating Factor","volume":"144","author":"Pearce E. J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030253"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0231-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00382-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.097"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","first-page":"3400","article-title":"IL\u201012 Up\u2010Regulates IL\u201018 Receptor Expression on T Cells, Th1 Cells, and B Cells: Synergism With IL\u201018 for IFN\u2010Gamma Production","volume":"161","author":"Yoshimoto T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"1130","article-title":"IL\u201010 Receptor Signaling Is Essential for TR1 Cell Function In\u00a0Vivo","volume":"198","author":"Brockmann L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13440"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1912"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03277-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00355"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.12.7454"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00497-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6865789"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.105393"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365797a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13030316"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006968"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008785"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30288-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.09.017"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70098","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sji.70098","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70098","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:24:43Z","timestamp":1773919483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sji.70098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sji.70098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.70098","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70098"}}