{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T01:30:47Z","timestamp":1785461447776,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate children who still have not yet developed scar at the BCG vaccination site 16\u2009weeks after vaccine administration without any local and systemic adverse reactions. The files of all children who were born between 01 Jan 2018 and 31 Dec 2023 were evaluated. BCG vaccine reaction status at the 6th month (completion with formation of scar or persistent reaction or abortive reaction), if any, further investigations performed in children with persistent BCG vaccine reaction without local or systemic adverse reactions; immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, IgA, complete blood count, lymphocyte subgroup examination results, follow\u2010up results and reaction completion time, and diagnoses were recorded. In our retrospective cohort study, the files of 962 children were evaluated. Of the 962 children, 22 of them had persistent BCG vaccine reaction at 6th months of age. Four of 22 children had low levels of IgG, IgM and IgA; 4 had low levels of both IgA and IgG; 3 had low levels of only IgG. There was no statistical significance in terms of blood count, birth weight, gender, BCG vaccine administration time, exclusively breastfeeding duration between children with persistent BCG reaction with low Ig levels and normal Ig levels. BCG reaction completion mean day was 268 (\u00b133.3). Nine of 22 were diagnosed with transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infant (THI). Our study shows that THI may be considered in persistent BCG reactions without local or systemic adverse reactions. Further studies are needed for evaluating persistent BCG reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T03:49:15Z","timestamp":1771818555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beyond the Scar: What Can a Persistent\n                    <scp>BCG<\/scp>\n                    Vaccine Reaction in Infants Tell Us in an Immunological Point of\u00a0View?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1797-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonca","family":"Keskindemirci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Social Pediatrics \u0130stanbul University, \u0130stanbul Faculty of Medicine  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8976-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics \u0130stanbul University, \u0130stanbul Faculty of Medicine  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3712-2522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunolgy and Allergy \u0130stanbul University\u2010Cerrahpa\u015fa, Cerrahpa\u015fa Faculty of Medicine  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3216-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selda Han\u00e7erli","family":"T\u00f6r\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease \u0130stanbul University, \u0130stanbul Faculty of Medicine  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5634-7453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eimal","family":"Ceti\u015fli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics \u0130stanbul University, \u0130stanbul Faculty of Medicine  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6yk\u00fc \u00d6zb\u00f6r\u00fc","family":"A\u015fkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Pediatrics \u0130stanbul University, Institute of Child Health  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alev Bak\u0131r","family":"Kay\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Pediatrics \u0130stanbul University, Institute of Child Health  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1042-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclbin","family":"G\u00f6k\u00e7ay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Pediatrics \u0130stanbul University, Institute of Child Health  \u0130stanbul T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cBCG Vaccines: WHO Position Paper\u2010February 2018 \u201d(2025) https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization\u2010vaccines\u2010and\u2010biologicals\/policies\/position\u2010papers\/bcg.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne \u201cWhat to Expect Following the BCG Vaccination \u201d(2025) https:\/\/www.rch.org.au\/uploadedFiles\/Main\/Content\/immunisation\/KHI_Fact_Sheet_template_Aug_2014.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.01.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Cell Mediated Immunity in Children With Scar\u2010Failure Following BCG Vaccination","volume":"35","author":"Rani S. H.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"BCG Vaccination Offull\u2010Term Infants With Chronic Intrauterine Malnutrition: Influence of Immunization Age on Development of Post\u2010Vaccination, Delayed Tuberculin Hypersensitivity","volume":"71","author":"Mussi\u2010Pinhata M. M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Neonatal BCG Vaccination and Scar Success","volume":"32","author":"Lakhkar B. B.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"BCG Vaccination Reaction in Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"116","author":"Kaur S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304457"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.920.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-35761-6.00060-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8479(05)80013-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2023.102773"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"649","article-title":"Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 T\u00fcrk \u00c7ocuklar\u0131 ve Eri\u015fkinlerde T\u00fcrbimetrik Y\u00f6ntemle Bak\u0131lan Serum Imm\u00fcnglob\u00fclin D\u00fczeyleri","volume":"39","author":"Tezcan \u0130.","year":"1996","journal-title":"\u00c7ocuk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ve Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","first-page":"814","volume-title":"Red Book: 2021 Report of the Committee on Infectious Disease","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"669","article-title":"Overdose and Intramuscular Administration of Bacille Calmette\u2010Guerin Vaccine in a 2\u2010Month\u2010Old Infant","volume":"56","author":"Ya\u015f\u00f6z G.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7056.528"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12276"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01317"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","unstructured":"Immun Deficiency Foundation \u201cTransient Hypogammaglobulinemia Infancy \u201dhttps:\/\/primaryimmune.org\/understanding\u2010primary\u2010immunodeficiency\/types\u2010of\u2010pi\/transient\u2010hypogammaglobulinemia\u2010infancy."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Justiz Vaillant A. A.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.08.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-015-0583-4"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70099","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sji.70099","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T07:33:52Z","timestamp":1773992032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sji.70099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sji.70099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.70099","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70099"}}