{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:46:32Z","timestamp":1782445592073,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":308,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing\u2013remitting inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, highlighting the interplay between intestinal epithelial cells, dysregulated immune responses, gut microbiota and environmental triggers in CD. Key genetic susceptibilities (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>NOD2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ATG16L1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL23R<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and dysregulated T\u2010cell signalling, particularly involving T\u2010helper 1 (Th1) and T\u2010helper 17 (Th17) pathways, are central to CD pathogenesis. The progression of the disease is driven by complex cytokine and chemokine networks (e.g., TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, IL\u201017), epithelial barrier dysfunction and microbial dysbiosis, all of which contribute to chronic inflammation and mucosal damage. Advanced models, including organoids and patient\u2010derived xenografts, have elucidated these mechanisms, aiding in biomarker discovery and drug development. Diagnostic advancements such as capsule endoscopy, magnetic resonance enterography, faecal calprotectin and molecular assays enable precise characterization of CD phenotypes and activity. Therapeutic strategies now encompass targeted biologics that neutralize key cytokines, small\u2010molecule Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors that interrupt intracellular inflammatory signalling and emerging modalities targeting epithelial repair and microbiome restoration. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in managing refractory CD, including loss of response to biologics and fibrostenotic or fistulizing complications. Personalized approaches based on immunological profiling, microbiota composition and molecular diagnostics hold promise for more effective interventions. This review underscores the complexity of intestinal inflammation in CD and advocates for integrated, personalized strategies to improve patient outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:33:40Z","timestamp":1781843620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Crohn's Disease Enteritis: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Agricultural University  Urumqi Xinjiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5520-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lingnan University  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)32448\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2006.045336"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/917649"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.042572"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco\u2010jcc\/jjae082"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010025\u201008940\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i29.3828"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605\u2010020\u201004832\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz315"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab287"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30587"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2018.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2061"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/872725"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102017\u2010314903"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46333"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22917"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i1.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(16)32537\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15297"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212728"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco\u2010jcc\/jjae083"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2333964"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)30570\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco\u2010jcc\/jjaa257"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010070119\u2010115104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010111"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1243834"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1065608"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000197"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010018\u20100061\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2019.0011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00555"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.11.09.565308"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751\u20102980.12540"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12983"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074\u20107613(00)80005\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S492079"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2015.15.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182a69dca"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010019\u20100261\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020400"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1228283"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.851835"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020305"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010021\u201006968\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1387975"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Innate Immun Pattern Recognit Eff Mech","author":"Voss T.\u2010D.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8813558"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.125468"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093379"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147688"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antib2040535"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01891"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S344990"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00883"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2025.107071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i29.9653"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103486"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22884"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073\u2010017\u20100459\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.554880"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1171826"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco\u2010jcc\/jjac034"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.23\u201087"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010021\u201000424\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00367"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010018\u20100054\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","first-page":"481","article-title":"Inflammasomes in Colitis and Colorectal Cancer: Mechanism of Action and Therapies","volume":"92","author":"Pandey A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622934"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002046"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3452"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2024.14390"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3413"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010016\u20104145\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1432897100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.6.3194"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4010005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/928461"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Role of the IL\u201023\/IL\u201017 Axis in Crohn's Disease","volume":"14","author":"Siakavellas S. I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Discovery Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082244"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2016.1126247"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062\u2010020\u201000280\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc\u20102018\u20100007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010023\u201008014\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00513.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1295230"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i5.620"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136939"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S518155"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5126048"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111620"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1507621"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00319\u201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00072"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281\u2010014\u20100455\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01676"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1304858"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102020\u2010322670"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323183111"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.658354"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/pg.2018.76005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010023\u201008122\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.586392"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276\u2010018\u20100126\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535\u2010016\u20101207\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00958\u201006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_127_1","first-page":"7008","article-title":"Mechanisms of Intestinal Tight Junctional Disruption During Infection","volume":"13","author":"O'Hara J. R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010022\u201000675\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00854\u201013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/574568"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxu051"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3892"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160679"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i30.4181"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000526"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u2010230X\u201011\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(19)30333\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000393"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1017187"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11582"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12663"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10038\u2010007\u20100156\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.615192"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.045294"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2024.108080"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.50358.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1166022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102315"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000546"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.064261"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3041084"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.67672"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2024.2390705"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132187"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15260"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u2010230X\u201014\u2010121"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00693"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102015\u2010310746"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010110"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147618"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010025\u201001097\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440\u20101746.2012.07150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000835"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620902956"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_176_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis in Israel: Epidemiology, Morbidity, and Genetics","volume":"17","author":"Odes H.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Public Health Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876\u2010025\u201004050\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70272"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70377"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201063859\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19959"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf217"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891\u2010bja00095"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114121"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2025.108434"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI187499"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2018.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70233"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16879"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2008.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102036.2008.03835.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876\u2010020\u20101183\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20933"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000736"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015\u20102126"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31816533d3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2006.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000644"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26317745211017809"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(24)00053\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gastroent12020021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14131384"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco\u2010jcc\/jjy113"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010022\u201007630\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13182931"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.902568"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_213_1","unstructured":"M. Z.Zhai \u201cUpdated 2025 ACG Clinical Guideline for the Management of Crohn's Disease\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196879"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(25)01522\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(23)00154\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/singaporemedj.SMJ\u20102025\u2010078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12955"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590\u20108658(03)00372\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904492"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(02)08512\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050516"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102036.2011.04612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062897"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020441"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215734"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101677"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602773"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203572"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco\u2010jcc\/jjz110"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2023.222.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard\u20102023\u2010223850"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_240_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_241_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075\u2010023\u201003182\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_242_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12704"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_243_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.655865"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_244_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/biol\u20102022\u20100821"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_245_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020494"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_246_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12636"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_247_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i14.2078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_248_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013792"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_249_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102023\u2010329948"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_250_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384\u2010023\u201004354\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_251_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010024\u201005832\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_252_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(23)00441\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_253_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1068567"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_254_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_255_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14253"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_256_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519\u2010024\u201000835\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_257_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010025\u201005497\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_258_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(24)00272\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_259_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otae011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_260_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"Advances in the Application of Nutritional Therapy in Crohn's Disease","volume":"32","author":"Kewen M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine on Digestion"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_261_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_262_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091969"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_263_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S116902"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_264_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_265_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253\u2010024\u201013163\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_266_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_267_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm\u20102019\u20100180"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_268_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01359E"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_269_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010438"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_270_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2012.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_271_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041372"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_272_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951\u2010022\u201001517\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_273_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_274_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_275_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.215152"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_276_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419\u2010019\u20101957\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_277_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI192640"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_278_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091828"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_279_1","volume-title":"Immune Mechanisms Involved in Inducing Remission in Crohn's Disease Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant","author":"Corraliza M\u00e1rquez A. M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_280_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S458103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_281_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040735"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_282_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1043412"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_283_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12091438"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_284_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12655"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_285_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201042788\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_286_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32074\/1591\u2010951X\u2010234"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_287_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25122\/jml\u20102018\u20100075"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_288_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Wang S.Huang X.Wang et\u00a0al. \u201cChanges in the Global Epidemiological Characteristics and Aetiologies of Diarrhoeal Disease From 1990 to 2021 and Projections for the Next Decade: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. SSRN \u201d(2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.5006813.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5006813"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_289_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029314"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_290_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020193"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_291_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399407000373"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_292_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i19.5823"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_293_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000163501750266800"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_294_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviscsurg.2020.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_295_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20102005\u2010870559"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_296_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.155812"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_297_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_298_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)30182\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_299_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac135"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_300_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984\u20100462\/2020\/38\/2019032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_301_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213581"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_302_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779\u2010023\u201000445\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_303_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168905"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_304_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"The Clinical Efficacy of Multi\u2010Strain Probiotics (Protexin) in the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children Two Months to Two Years Old","volume":"11","author":"Yala E. T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philippines Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_305_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000428"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_306_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753\u2010023\u201001911\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_307_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_308_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109559"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_309_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787\u2010025\u201002044\u2010x"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70129","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sji.70129","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1782442859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sji.70129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":308,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sji.70129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.70129","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70129"}}