{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:03:02Z","timestamp":1784707382356,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["405581\/2018\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["405581\/2018\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/23302\u20106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/23302\u20106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/11061\u20107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/11061\u20107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an intracellular protozoan parasite and etiological agent of Localised Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL). A challenge in managing LCL is the frequent occurrence of secondary bacterial co\u2010infections caused by opportunistic bacteria such as\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles (BMVs) from these bacteria on macrophages infected with\n                    <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . BMVs were characterised by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), and their effects on macrophage viability, infection dynamics, and cytokine production were assessed. Macrophages infected with\n                    <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and subsequently treated with BMVs exhibited reduced parasite burden and cell viability compared to infected controls. The production of cytokines was variably modulated depending on the vesicle source. TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were higher in macrophages infected with\n                    <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and treated with BMVs than in those infected with the parasite alone. Additionally, elevated levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 were observed in co\u2010cultures treated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    membrane vesicles (POMVs), suggesting a stronger inflammatory profile than that induced by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    extracellular vesicles (SEVs). In contrast, IL\u20104 and IL\u20106 levels were not significantly affected by either POMVs or SEVs. These results indicate that uninfected and\n                    <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected macrophages respond distinctly to POMVs and SEVs, particularly through enhanced secretion of IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u2010\u03b1. In conclusion, macrophages exposed to both\n                    <jats:italic>L. amazonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and bacterial vesicles simulate a host\u2013parasite\u2013bacteria interaction, activating production of cytokines. Given their immunogenic properties, BMVs may represent promising targets for the development of therapeutic strategies associated with LCL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:56:56Z","timestamp":1783745816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles on Cellular Responses in\n                    <i>Leishmania amazonensis<\/i>\n                    \u2010Infected Macrophages In\u00a0Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8419-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Henrique","family":"Gallo\u2010Francisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2138-7393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genesy P\u00e9rez","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Augusto Sanches","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina Fl\u00f3ro","family":"e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Scanavachia","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cec\u00edlia Costa","family":"Fagundes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4224-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Leite Rodrigues","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Functional Biology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP)  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Brocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5685-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma","family":"Giorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology Biology Institute, State University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(18)31204\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) \u201cLeishmaniasis \u201d2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21767\/1791\u2010809x.1000519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11120.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0154-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb\u20102021\u20100133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365\u201005962006000300008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524\u2010475X.2011.00720.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria in Skin Lesions of Patients With Chiclero's Ulcer","author":"Patricia Isaac\u2010M\u00e1rquez A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. A.Vera J. L.Soares De Macedo I. A.Ciuffo G.Santos andJ. B.Santos \u201cAntimicrobial Susceptibility of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated From Leishmaniotic Ulcers in Corte de Pedra BA \u201d39(2006).","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822006000100009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074\u201002760160557"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010018\u20100112\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01273\u201021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02584\u201013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200900338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Sambrook J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2007.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403\u2010015\u20101564\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462\u20102920.15033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891\u20105849(01)00516\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.2.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0103\u20106440202002898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00290"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.558233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452\u2010019\u20101646\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.639582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398\u20109995.2010.02483.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091808"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2015.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5216\/rpt.v48i2.58004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201007288\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010020\u20100773\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010020\u20100773\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00871"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308887110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201798089"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00524.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.1.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.660415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709\u20101413OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.934611"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70136","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sji.70136","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sji.70136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:35:11Z","timestamp":1784705711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sji.70136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sji.70136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sji.70136","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70136"}}