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This study analyses the association between retrospective ADHD symptoms and associated problems (somatic and learning difficulties), and current symptoms in a sample of adults from imprisoned and clinical populations. Four hundred and fifty\u2010seven participants, aged between 17 and 69\u00a0years, were divided into four groups: ADHD prison group without clinical history of symptoms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a061), prison group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0162), ADHD clinical group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0176) and clinical group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a058). The ADHD\u2010IV scale and Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) were administered to the four groups and demonstrated high rates of persistence of ADHD symptoms into adulthood. ADHD groups reported significantly higher impairment both during childhood (symptoms, somatic and learning difficulties) and at present, with the ADHD clinical group being the most severely impaired. Finally, current symptoms of ADHD, along with childhood ADHD symptoms and learning difficulties, significantly predicted current impairments, but only in the clinical group. These findings represent some initial steps into the identification of predictors of ADHD symptomatology in adulthood in order to elucidate its etiopathogenesis and better identify high\u2010risk groups for targeted prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T05:49:53Z","timestamp":1615528193000},"page":"301-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective symptoms and learning difficulties predicting ADHD in adults: Differences between prison inmates and the clinical population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4137-4503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celestino","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6012-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinidad","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Areces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oviedo Oviedo Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gara","family":"Arteaga\u2010Henriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Ramos\u2010Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v7.i1.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1521\/adhd.2006.14.2.1","article-title":"ADHD symptoms vs. impairment: revisited","volume":"14","author":"Barkley R. 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