{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:10:03Z","timestamp":1790136603073,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]],"date-time":"2022-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian J Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    As awareness of the phenomenon of aphantasia (= lack of voluntary imagery) has increased in recent years, many psychotherapists ponder its clinical implications. The present study investigates whether aphantasia meets the criteria for mental disorders, i.e. statistical rarity, impairment in activities of daily living, violation of social norms and inappropriate behavior and personal distress. Prevalence of aphantasia was determined meta\u2010analytically based on 3,543 participants. An international sample of 156 participants with aphantasia (58.3% male;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a035.23) and 131 controls (65.6% male;\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a028.88) was assessed with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Everyday Memory Performance and the Aphantasia Distress Questionnaire, as well as measures of depression, anxiety and well\u2010being. The prevalence of aphantasia was estimated at 3.5 to 4.8%. Participants with aphantasia scored significantly lower than controls on every day and autobiographical memory, but not on theory of mind. A subgroup of 34.7% of participants with aphantasia reported distress significantly associated with lower well\u2010being and high levels of anxiety and depression. The level of distress increased with poorer performance in autobiographical memory and theory of mind. Although aphantasia meets the criterion of statistical rarity, the impact on activities of daily living and personal distress is too weak to justify a classification as a mental disorder. In a subgroup, however, distress can reach clinically relevant levels. In individual cases, it is therefore advisable to conduct a psychological assessment, for example by means of the Aphantasia Distress Questionnaire.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]],"date-time":"2022-12-04T07:44:05Z","timestamp":1670139845000},"page":"314-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["No general pathological significance of aphantasia: An evaluation based on criteria for mental disorders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7012-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merlin","family":"Monzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7478-4886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabel","family":"Vetterlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Reuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Center for Economics and Neuroscience (CENs), Laboratory of Neurogenetics University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Statistisches Matching: Anwendungsm\u00f6glichkeiten, Verfahren und ihre praktische Umsetzung in SPSS","volume":"51","author":"Bacher J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"ZA\u2010Information\/Zentrarchiv F\u00fcr Empirische Sozialforschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"The distribution and functions of mental imagery","author":"Betts G.H.","year":"1909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/MILA.12432"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1982.tb01421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/25.2.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350060504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203934852-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.46.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03333861"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"Differences in spatial visualization ability and vividness of spatial imagery between people with and without aphantasia","author":"Crowder A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CONCOG.2021.103243"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CONCOG.2021.103087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Klinische Psychologie [clinical psychology]","author":"Davison G.C.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65705-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COGNITION.2022.105192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2018.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"500","article-title":"Un cas de d\u00e9personnalisation","volume":"45","author":"Dugas L.","year":"1898","journal-title":"Revue Philosophique de la France et de L'\u00e9tranger"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Examining cut\u2010off values for the state\u2010trait anxiety inventory","volume":"24","author":"Ercan I.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Argentina de Clinica Psicologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Conflicting intuitions may be based on differing abilities: Evidence from mental imaging research","volume":"16","author":"Faw B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(80)90010-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"Gallagher J.(2019).Aphantasia: Ex\u2010Pixar chief Ed Catmull says \u201cmy mind's eye is blind\u201dBBC News. 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