{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:14:28Z","timestamp":1779930868953,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005036","name":"Universitetet i Bergen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian J Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hostility towards women is a type of prejudice that can have adverse effects on women and society, but research on predictors of men's hostility towards women is limited. The present study primarily introduced predictors associated with misogynist involuntary celibates (incels), and then investigated whether loneliness, rejection, attractiveness, number of romantic and sexual partners, right\u2010wing authoritarianism, and gaming predicted hostility towards women among a more general sample of men. A total of 473 men (aged 18\u201335, single, heterosexual, UK residents) recruited via Prolific answered the hostile sexism subscale, the misogyny scale, the self\u2010perceived sexual attractiveness scale, the right\u2010wing authoritarianism scale, the game addiction scale for adolescents, the adult rejection\u2010sensitivity scale, the UCLA loneliness scale, and self\u2010developed questions regarding number of sexual and romantic partners, and time spent gaming. We found a strong positive relationship between right\u2010wing authoritarianism and hostility towards women, as well as a strong convex curvilinear relationship between attractiveness and hostility towards women. The number of sexual partners showed a moderate concave relationship with hostility towards women. We did not find sufficient support for a relationship between gaming and hostility towards women, and there was no support that loneliness, rejection, or romantic partners predicted hostility towards women among a general sample of men. Our study supports right\u2010wing authoritarianism and self\u2010perceived attractiveness as potential strong predictors in understanding men's hostility towards women in the wider community.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Pre\u2010registration: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/ms3a4\">https:\/\/osf.io\/ms3a4<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.13062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T06:20:18Z","timestamp":1722925218000},"page":"35-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Predicting hostility towards women: incel\u2010related factors in a general sample of men"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1053-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiewen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation University of Padua  Padua Italy"},{"name":"Department of Sociology Central South University  Changsha China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalie B.","family":"Mollands\u00f8y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilie","family":"Nornes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8829-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eilin K.","family":"Erevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Gambling and Gaming Research University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e5le","family":"Pallesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Gambling and Gaming Research University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"A gentle introduction to stata","author":"Acock A.C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2855"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport G.W.","year":"1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"A shorter version of the RWA scale","author":"Altemeyer B.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.11.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-022-00136-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/bcp.20150502073016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826199263.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022615"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1524-9220.3.2.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00466"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672211009726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0492"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2022.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metip.2020.100022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"296","article-title":"The role of right\u2010wing authoritarianism, sexism and culture of honour in rape myths acceptance","volume":"29","author":"Canto J.M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003164722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.2006.00284.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020467"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412015587603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"Council of Europe. (2020).Sexism: See it name it stop it![Brochure]. Retrieved July 5th 2024 fromhttps:\/\/rm.coe.int\/brochure\u2010sexism\/16809fba84."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SERS.0000032310.16273.da"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17416590231196125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"Dale M.T.G. Aakvaag H.F. Str\u00f8m I.F. Augusti E.M.&Skauge A.D.(2023).Omfang av vold og overgrep i den norske befolkningen [Scope of violence and abuse in the Norwegian population] (Report No. 1)Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter om Vold og Traumatisk Stress. Retrieved July 15 2024 fromhttps:\/\/www.nkvts.no\/content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/NKVTS_Rapport_1_23_Omfang_vold_overgrep.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","volume-title":"Inside the violent, misogynistic world of TikTok's new star, Andrew Tate","author":"Das S.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-009-9637-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(01)80004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167205284282"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00672.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316161579.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0700-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2016.1132729"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617708204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36148\/2284\u20100249\u2010468"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801203256002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96226-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(01)80005-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.5.763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111860"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habeck C.G.&Brickman A.M.(2018).A common statistical misunderstanding in psychology and neuroscience: Do we need normally distributed independent or dependent variables for linear regression to work?bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/305946"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","unstructured":"Hansmeyer A.\u2010E.(2021).Novel explanations for misogynistic attitudes in society\u2010social loneliness as a moderator in misogyny[Bachelor' thesis University of Twente]. Retrieved June 15 2024 fromhttp:\/\/essay.utwente.nl\/85573\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5101_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1057610X.2020.1751459"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","volume-title":"How do we know what we know about #gamergate?","author":"Ip C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-006-9158-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029590"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-010-9837-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","volume-title":"Misogynist incels and male supremacism: Overview and recommendations for addressing the threat of male supremacist violence","author":"Kelly M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003164722-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08824096.2018.1525351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260802669458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Incel violence as a reclamation of masculinity and defence of patriarchy on three distinct levels","volume":"36","author":"Lindsay A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Zealand Sociology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.52.3.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00454"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001168"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190604981.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2023.2258928"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","unstructured":"McPherson R.E.(2018).Variables influencing misogyny. Retrieved June 15 2024 fromhttps:\/\/stars.library.ucf.edu\/honorstheses\/343.Honors Undergraduate Theses. 343"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","volume-title":"The angry internet. A threat to gender equality, democracy & well\u2010being","author":"Mogensen C.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","unstructured":"Morssinkhof M.(2021).Novel explanations for misogynistic attitudes in society: A relational examination using psychological factors extracted from Incel communities[Bachelor's thesis University of Twente]. Retrieved May 7 2024 fromhttp:\/\/essay.utwente.nl\/85551\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231176062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075221133062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520959625"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","volume-title":"SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBS SPSS","author":"Pallant J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025169328498"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","unstructured":"Reform. (2022).Incels i Norge. En kartlegging av ensomhet og helse blant norske \u2018incels\u2019 [Incels in Norway. A survey of loneliness and health among Norwegian \u2018incels\u2019]. Retrieved May 7 2024 fromhttps:\/\/reform.no\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/2022.01.28\u2010Reform\u2010rapport\u2010Incels\u2010i\u2010Norge\u2010for\u2010publisering\u20101.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19012276.2023.2186816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","unstructured":"Ribeiro M.H. Blackburn J. Bradlyn B. De Cristofaro E. Stringhini G. Long S.et\u00a0al. (2020).From pick\u2010up artists to incels: A data\u2010driven sketch of the manospherearXiv Preprint. arXiv:2001.07600v1."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rottweiler B.&Gill P.(2021).Measuring individuals' misogynistic attitudes: Development and validation of the Misogyny Scalehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/6f829.PsyArXiv","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/6f829"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4203_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085119896415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167206294745"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","volume-title":"Brianna Wu and the human cost of Gamergate: \u201cevery woman I know in the industry is scared\u201d","author":"Stuart K.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","volume-title":"The incel rebellion: The rise of the manosphere and the virtual war against women","author":"Sugiura L.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21646"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21873"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12491"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3288155.3288158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231176059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","unstructured":"Williams L.(2020).Inside the incelosphere: Tracing the origins and navigating the contradictions (Publication No. 28372149) [Master's thesis University of Regina]. Retrieved August 1 2024 fromhttps:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/96fe11157d1dce1b2137bf37cad67f6d\/1?pq\u2010origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","article-title":"Recognizing the violent extremist ideology of \u201cincels\u201d [Policy brief]","author":"Zimmerman S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Women in International Security"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sjop.13062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T06:28:40Z","timestamp":1744352920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sjop.13062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sjop.13062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjop.13062","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-5564","1467-9450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-5564","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}