{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T14:52:26Z","timestamp":1754146346596,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian J Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated reading and writing difficulties, as well as attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among female prisoners in Belgium and Norway. While learning difficulties and ADHD are prevalent in prison populations, research focusing on females is rather limited. A cross\u2010sectional survey design (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009101) was used to assess the prevalence of self\u2010reported literacy challenges and symptoms of ADHD, as well as their comorbidity, by comparing Belgium and Norway. The findings showed a positive correlation between literacy challenges and ADHD symptoms, with significant differences between the two countries. Norwegian participants reported higher rates of formal diagnoses for reading and writing difficulties, as well as ADHD, compared to Belgian participants. These findings suggest that cultural and systemic factors may influence the recognition, diagnosis, and reporting of learning disabilities and ADHD in incarcerated populations. The results underscore the need for tailored educational programs in prisons that meet the needs of the individual prisoner. Further research should explore how cultural and systemic factors contribute to differences in experiences and diagnoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.13101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:06:56Z","timestamp":1742170016000},"page":"562-570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self\u2010Reported Symptoms of Reading and Writing Difficulties and ADHD Among Females in Prison: A Comparison Between Belgium and Norway"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorien","family":"Brosens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Research Group PArticipation and Learning in Detention (PALD) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation \u2013 Flanders  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1982-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenche Andersen","family":"Helland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation Fonna Hospital Trust  Haugesund Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6611-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise \u00d8en","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silke","family":"Marynissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Research Group PArticipation and Learning in Detention (PALD) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation \u2013 Flanders  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00f8ydis","family":"Morken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11040154"},{"volume-title":"Norske innsatte: Kartlegging av lesevansker og oppmerksomhetsv [Norwegian inmates: Assessment of reading difficulties and attention difficulties]","year":"2015","author":"Asbj\u00f8rnsen A.","key":"e_1_2_14_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919454"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"Basiswet Betreffende Het Gevangeniswezen en de Rechtspositie van de Gedetineerden van.2005.\u201cBelgisch Staatsblad 1 February 2005.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ejustice.just.fgov.be\/cgi\/article_body.pl?language=nl&caller=summary&pub_date=05\u201002\u201001&numac=2005009033."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.10.1730"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/tld.0b013e31826203ac"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","unstructured":"Brosens D.2015.Participation in Prison Programmes. 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