{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T13:07:21Z","timestamp":1778936841582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000883","name":"University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian J Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Disgust helps humans avoid potentially pathogenic substances such as bodily effluvia. This reduces illness risks and is difficult to overcome with cognitive strategies or through short\u2010term habituation (minutes to hours). Whether long\u2010term habituation (months to years) exists is an unsolved question. While regular professional exposure to disgust elicitors is associated with lower disgust sensitivity and avoidance, this could reflect selection and survivorship bias. We use the natural quasi\u2010experiment of parenthood: it greatly increases exposure to bodily effluvia, but disgust does not usually inspire individuals to start or stop being a parent. Parents (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200999) and controls (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200950) completed self\u2010report and behavioral avoidance measures. We used parent\u2010specific items in disgust\u2010sensitivity questionnaires, and child\u2010related stimuli (soiled diapers) in a preferential\u2010looking task. These included diapers with pre\u2010weaning (yellow and runny) or post\u2010weaning feces (adult\u2010like). While the control group showed the expected behavioral avoidance, parents of weaning or weaned children showed almost no avoidance of stimuli depicting child\u2010related or general bodily effluvia. These results suggest that parents habituated to disgust induced by feces in diapers, and that this had generalized to other bodily effluvia. Contrary to our expectations, parents of pre\u2010weaning children showed similar disgust avoidance to the control group, even if they had older children. This could point to an adaptive response to reduce the risk of illness in young infants. After the sensitive milk\u2010feeding stage, continuous exposure to their children's bodily effluvia inoculates parents to disgust.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T04:46:36Z","timestamp":1767761196000},"page":"787-800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parents Develop Long\u2010Term Disgust Habituation, but Only After Beginning to Wean Their Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivo E.","family":"Dalmaijer\u2010Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Day Nursery University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joris A.","family":"Dalmaijer\u2010Denning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Day Nursery University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Whitman College  Walla Walla Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3241-0760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin S.","family":"Dalmaijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Bristol  Bristol UK"},{"name":"University Day Nursery University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23982128241279616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206314560412"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0058254"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428\u2010021\u201001703\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428\u2010020\u201001501\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428\u2010019\u201001237\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034558"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000919"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9414"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2006.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459\u2010013\u20109469\u20101"},{"issue":"1371","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Disgust Sensitivity and the \u2018Non\u2010Rational\u2019 Aspects of a Career Choice in Surgery","volume":"126","author":"Consedine N. 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J.2013.\u201cThe Association Between Parenting and Disgust Sensitivity [Master of Arts Western Carolina University].\u201dhttps:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/345079864.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2025.113281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194105"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sjop.70069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sjop.70069","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sjop.70069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T12:18:14Z","timestamp":1778933894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sjop.70069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sjop.70069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjop.70069","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-5564","1467-9450"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-5564","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9450","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}