{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T20:11:22Z","timestamp":1788639082899,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian J Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is a growing interest in elucidating the mechanisms that drive the benefits of physical exercise on cognitive performance. A key element for a better understanding of a particular phenomenon (e.g., the mediators of the exercise\u2010cognition interaction) is the selection of an appropriate control condition\/group as the basis for causal inference. In contemporary practice, control conditions\/groups used in exercise\u2010cognition research can be broadly categorized as related to (i) study design, (ii) level of energy expenditure, and (iii) level of cognitive engagement. Although such control conditions are valuable for reducing the effects of specific sources of bias (e.g., time or placebo effects), their potential to advance our mechanistic understanding is limited. To address this research gap, the present article proposes and discusses the application of \u201cphysiologically informed\u201d control conditions by narratively summarizing the current evidence concerning \u201cphysiologically informed\u201d control conditions in acute exercise\u2010cognition studies, wherein specific physical exercise\u2010induced physiological responses (e.g., increases in cerebral blood flow or peripheral blood lactate concentration) are mimicked by nonexercise experimental manipulations (e.g., through inhaling hypercapnic gas mixture or infusion of lactate at rest). Based on our narrative evidence synthesis, we discuss how \u201cphysiologically informed\u201d control conditions can serve as a valuable approach to strengthen causal interferences by allowing for a better isolation of cognitive benefits that can be \u201csolely\u201d attributed to specific physical exercise\u2010induced physiological changes. As applying \u201cphysiologically informed\u201d control conditions can advance knowledge generation on the physiological mechanisms that drive the positive effects of physical exercise on cognition, we advocate for a more widespread use of these control conditions in future research practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.70101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T06:24:09Z","timestamp":1777271049000},"page":"1246-1266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["All Is Relative\u2014A Call for Considering \u201cPhysiologically Informed\u201d Control Conditions to Improve the Mechanistic Understanding of the Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3453-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Herold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HMU Health and Medical University Erfurt  Erfurt Thuringia Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Tari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwester","family":"Kujach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport  Gdansk Poland"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Medical University of Gdansk  Gdansk Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dupuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory MOVE, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Poitiers  Poitiers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Shawn","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gronwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine MSH Medical School Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"G\u2010Lab, Faculty of Applied Sport Sciences and Personality BSP Business and Law School  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Western Ontario  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging University of Western Ontario  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Western Ontario  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.93063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.76038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.91008.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP285173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1408963"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868\u2010021\u201000670\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.70119"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bps.2004.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364\u20106613(98)01240\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010024\u201001939\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1057475"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102020\u2010102865"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102020\u2010102864"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102016\u2010096710"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL\u2010160040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1496144"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP092157"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010011\u20102087\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167\u20108760(90)90008\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010011\u20102128\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1793\u20105482.145375"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010015\u20103617\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.179507"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000205117.11882.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026\u20100495(74)90081\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101454"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280955"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00497.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008118107"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical Fitness: Definitions and Distinctions for Health\u2010Related Research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen C. 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