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However, the role of subject\u2010level cognitive factors, particularly working memory capacity (WMC), remains largely unexplored. This study investigated how WMC modulates semantic interference from category\u2010related distractors and facilitation from associative\u2010related distractors. Participants pre\u2010screened into high (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929) or low (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200929) WMC groups completed two PWI tasks (categorical and associative relations) in a single session. Naming latencies were recorded as the primary measure. For categorical relations, a robust semantic interference effect was observed. Crucially, this interference was significantly stronger in low\u2010WMC individuals compared to high\u2010WMC individuals. Conversely, for associative relations, a semantic facilitation effect was found, which was markedly more pronounced in the high\u2010WMC group than in the low\u2010WMC group. These findings demonstrate that working memory capacity dynamically regulates the strength of semantic effects without altering their fundamental direction: attenuating interference and enhancing facilitation. This study bridges a critical theoretical gap by incorporating individual differences into the architecture of speech production, demonstrating that WMC is a key moderator shaping the dynamics of lexical access.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.70121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T17:14:56Z","timestamp":1780766096000},"page":"1447-1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Working Memory Capacity Modulates the Dual Pathways of Semantic Interference and Facilitation in Speech Production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4491-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhong","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Guangxi Normal University\/Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Applied Psychology in Guangxi Universities  Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9311-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanhai","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education Jinggangshan University  Jian Jiangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jijia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Guangxi Normal University\/Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Applied Psychology in Guangxi Universities  Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/027249800410535"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01538-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60452-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.30.5.1106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03213769"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218221114644"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0001098"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2008.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(73)80014-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960143000524"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03214546"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.93.3.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2020.1821905"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00160"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Role of Situational Goal and Ad Hoc Association on Semantic Effect in Picture\u2010Word Interference Paradigm","volume":"3","author":"Fang Y. 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