{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:34:26Z","timestamp":1780360466827,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021806","name":"Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111\u20102314\u2010B\u2010075\u2010013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111\u20102314\u2010B\u2010075\u2010013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021806","name":"Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST110\u20102314\u2010B\u2010075\u2010026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST110\u20102314\u2010B\u2010075\u2010026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021806","name":"Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109\u20102314\u2010B\u2010010\u2010050\u2010MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109\u20102314\u2010B\u2010010\u2010050\u2010MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021806","name":"Hsinchu Science Park Bureau, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST111\u20102314\u2010B\u2010075\u2010014\u2010MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST111\u20102314\u2010B\u2010075\u2010014\u2010MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007354","name":"Yen Tjing Ling Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CI\u2010109\u201021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI\u2010109\u201021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007354","name":"Yen Tjing Ling Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CI\u2010109\u201022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI\u2010109\u201022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007354","name":"Yen Tjing Ling Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CI\u2010110\u201030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI\u2010110\u201030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Suicide &amp;amp; Life Threat Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies investigate cause\u2010specific mortality in individuals with tic disorders. We aimed to examine all\u2010cause, natural\u2010cause, and unnatural\u2010cause mortality in individuals with tic disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the nationwide database of Taiwan from 2003 to 2017, we identified 50,018 patients with tic disorders and, using a ratio of 1:4, matched unaffected controls based on birth year and sex. Cause\u2010specific mortality (i.e., natural cause, accident, and suicide mortality) and all\u2010cause mortality were assessed between the two cohorts using time\u2010dependent Cox regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjusting for demographics, individuals with tic disorders had increased likelihoods (reported as adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]) of all\u2010cause (1.14, 1.03\u20131.26), unnatural\u2010cause (including accidents and suicides; 1.78, 1.43\u20132.23), and suicide mortality (3.09, 2.07\u20134.59) compared to controls. With additional adjustments for psychiatric comorbidities, the likelihood of all\u2010cause, unnatural\u2010cause, and suicide mortality remained significant. However, we did not find a higher natural cause mortality in patients with tic disorders compared to controls (1.02, 0.91\u20131.15).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with tic disorders have a higher likelihood of unnatural causes and suicide mortality after adjusting for demographics, clinical characteristics, and psychiatric comorbidities. Our findings suggest that clinicians should routinely monitor both the physical and mental conditions of patients with tic disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.70023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T08:38:02Z","timestamp":1747903082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["All\u2010Cause Mortality and Suicide Mortality in Patients With Tic Disorder: An Entire Population Longitudinal Study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Tien\u2010Wei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, E\u2010DA Dachang Hospital I\u2010Shou Universitiy  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, E\u2010DA Hospital I\u2010Shou Universitiy  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine I\u2010Shou University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Han","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih\u2010Ming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih\u2010Jen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Mei","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju\u2010Wei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai\u2010Lin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzeng\u2010Ji","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Hsinchu Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih\u2010Sung","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tri\u2010Service General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry National Defense Medical Center  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6516-1073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mu\u2010Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474\u2010021\u201000231\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e318208f561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021\u20109681(87)90171\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15\u20101807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010022\u201002253\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052531"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018\u20102305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Handbook of Drug Use Etiology: Theory, Methods, and Empirical Findings","author":"Griffin K. W.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S196293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112457"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.5371"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Handbook of Tourette's Syndrome and Related Tic and Behavioral Disorders","author":"Jankovic J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2011.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incorporating Development Stratification of Taiwan Townships Into Sampling Design of Large Scale Health Interview Survey","volume":"4","author":"Liu C. Y.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Health Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Clinical Utility of Screening for Anxiety and Depression in Children With Tourette Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Marwitz L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26939"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010020\u201000655\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000752"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231167287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578\u2010011\u20100249\u2010y"}],"container-title":["Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sltb.70023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T08:17:33Z","timestamp":1751357853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sltb.70023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sltb.70023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sltb.70023","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0363-0234","1943-278X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0363-0234","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-278X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70023"}}