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Eleven professional and seven advanced tennis players were studied with an optoelectronic motion analysis system while performing serves. Normalized peak kinetic values of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints were calculated using inverse dynamics. To measure serve efficiency, all normalized peak kinetic values were divided by ball velocity. <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests were used to determine significant differences between the resultant joint kinetics and efficiency values in both groups (advanced vs professional). Shoulder inferior force, shoulder anterior force, shoulder horizontal abduction torque, and elbow medial force were significantly higher in advanced players. Professional players were more efficient than advanced players, as they maximize ball velocity with lower joint kinetics. Since advanced players are subjected to higher joint kinetics, the results suggest that they appeared more susceptible to high risk of shoulder and elbow injuries than professionals, especially during the cocking and deceleration phases of the serve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,8]],"date-time":"2013-01-08T17:51:57Z","timestamp":1357667517000},"page":"700-707","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Upper limb joint kinetic analysis during tennis serve: Assessment of competitive level on efficiency and injury risks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory UFR APS  Rennes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Bideau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory UFR APS  Rennes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ropars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory UFR APS  Rennes France"},{"name":"Upper Limb Orthopaedic Surgery Unit Pontchaillou University Hospital  Rennes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Delamarche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory UFR APS  Rennes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kulpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M2S Laboratory UFR APS  Rennes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.1.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336721"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2010.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30591-3","article-title":"Labral tears in throwing and racquet sports","volume":"10","author":"Andrews JR","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510363402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-197900070-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(03)80012-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01341"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.2341781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310042601"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.21.4.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509340226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00021-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044306701-3.50038-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(03)80011-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199621060-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00127-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109338546"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Lower\u2010limb activity during the power serve in tennis: effects of performance level","volume":"37","author":"Girard O","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"950","article-title":"Influence of restricted knee motion during the flat first serve in tennis","volume":"21","author":"Girard O","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01129.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"International Tennis Federation.ITN on court assessment.2009. 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