{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:10:53Z","timestamp":1790759453085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24800070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24800070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"\n The\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n chilles tendon (\n AT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) consists of fascicles that originate from the medial head of the gastrocnemius (\n MG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), lateral head of the gastrocnemius (\n LG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), and soleus muscle (\n Sol<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). These fascicles are reported to have a twisted structure. However, there is no consensus as to the degree of torsion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the twisted structure of the\n AT<\/jats:styled-content>\n at the level of fascicles that originate from the\n MG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n LG<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n Sol<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and elucidate the morphological characteristics. Gross anatomical study of 60\n J<\/jats:styled-content>\n apanese cadavers (111 legs) was used. The\n AT<\/jats:styled-content>\n fascicles originated from the\n MG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n LG<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n Sol<\/jats:styled-content>\n were fused while twisting among themselves. There were three classification types depending on the degree of torsion. Further fine separation of each fascicle revealed\n MG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ran fairly parallel in all types, whereas\n LG<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n Sol<\/jats:styled-content>\n , particularly of the extreme type, were inserted onto the calcaneal tuberosity with strong torsion. In addition, the sites of\n Sol<\/jats:styled-content>\n torsion were 3\u20135\u2009cm proximal to the calcaneal insertion of the\n AT<\/jats:styled-content>\n . These findings provide promising basic data to elucidate the functional role of the twisted structure and mechanisms for the occurrence of\n AT<\/jats:styled-content>\n injury and other conditions.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T03:49:21Z","timestamp":1419911361000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["The twisted structure of the human\n A<\/scp>\n chilles tendon"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Edama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy School of Life Dentistry at Niigata Nippon Dental University Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Takabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Inai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of Health and Welfare Niigata Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences Niigata University of 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000709"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.71B1.2914976","article-title":"The blood supply of the calcaneal tendon","volume":"71","author":"Carr AJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300810"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"The structure of the calcaneal tendon (of Achilles) in relation to orthopedic surgery with additional observation on the plantaris muscle","volume":"83","author":"Cummins EJ","year":"1946","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol 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