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Enhanced short\u2010term (&lt;30\u2009s) power output or single\u2010sprint performance, resulting from transient heat exposure (muscle temperature rise), can be attributed to improved muscle contractility. Under heat stress, elevations in skin\/core temperatures are associated with increased cardiovascular and metabolic loads in addition to decreasing voluntary muscle activation; there is also compelling evidence to suggest that large performance decrements occur when repeated\u2010sprint exercise (consisting of brief recovery periods between sprints, usually &lt;60\u2009s) is performed in hot compared with cool conditions. Conversely, poorer intermittent\u2010sprint performance (recovery periods long enough to allow near complete recovery, usually 60\u2013300\u2009s) in hotter conditions is solely observed when exercise induces marked hyperthermia (core temperature\u2009&gt;39\u2009\u00b0C). 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