{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T07:47:16Z","timestamp":1773215236943,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]],"date-time":"2016-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The School of Physical Education Sport & Exercise Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise\u2010associated hyponatremia can be life\u2010threatening. Excessive hypotonic fluid ingestion is the primary etiological factor but does not explain all variability. Possible effects of chronic sodium intake are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether dietary sodium affects plasma sodium concentration [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] during exercise in the heat, when water intake nearly matches mass loss. Endurance\u2010trained men (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09) participated in this crossover experiment. Each followed a low\u2010sodium (lowNa) or high\u2010sodium (highNa) diet for 9\u00a0days with 24\u2010h fluid intakes and urine outputs measured before experimental trials (day 10). The trials were \u22652\u00a0week apart. Trials comprised 3\u00a0h (or if not possible to complete, to exhaustion) cycling (55% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VO<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>; 34\u00a0\u00b0C, 65% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RH<\/jats:styled-content>) with water intake approximating mass loss. Plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>], hematocrit, sweat and urine [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>], heart rate, core temperature, and subjective perceptions were monitored. Urine [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] was lower on lowNa 24\u00a0h prior to (31\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024, 76\u00a0\u00b1\u00a030\u00a0mmol\/L, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.027) and during trials (10\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010, 52\u00a0\u00b1\u00a032\u00a0mmol\/L, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004). Body mass was lower on lowNa (79.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.5, 80.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.9, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03). Plasma [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] was lower on lowNa before (137\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02, 140\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007) and throughout exercise (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001). Sweat [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] was unaffected by diet (54.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a040, 54.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a023\u00a0mmol\/L, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.99). Heart rate and core temperature were higher on lowNa (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.001). Despite decreased urinary sodium losses, plasma sodium was lower on lowNa, with decreased mass indicating (extracellular) water may have been less, explaining greater heart rate and core temperature. General population health recommendations to lower salt intake may not be appropriate for endurance athletes, particularly those training in the heat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T05:13:30Z","timestamp":1476335610000},"page":"1213-1220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Restricting dietary sodium reduces plasma sodium response to exercise in the heat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"E. E.","family":"Koenders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. P. G.","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. D.","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Otago University Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. N.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences University of Lorraine INSERM UMR_S.1116 Nancy France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. J.","family":"Rehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Otago University Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Changes in body water and electrolytes during heat acclimation: effects of dietary sodium","volume":"58","author":"Armstrong L","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00015.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11911-8","article-title":"Age\u2010specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta\u2010analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies","volume":"360","author":"Collaboration PS","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19425864-20091019-03"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.011767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0760553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)74873-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-014-1685-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and\u00a0sulfate","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Monitoring salt intake of the population: methodological considerations. 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