{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:40:10Z","timestamp":1790545210621,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]],"date-time":"2017-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005222","name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n Yliopisto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005222","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"Achilles tendon (AT<\/jats:styled-content>) comprises of 3 subtendons arising from the soleus (SOL<\/jats:styled-content>) and the lateral (LG<\/jats:styled-content>) and medial (MG<\/jats:styled-content>) heads of the gastrocnemius muscle. While recent human studies show differential displacement within AT<\/jats:styled-content>, these displacements have not been attributed to specific subtendons. We tested the hypothesis that the SOL<\/jats:styled-content> and LG<\/jats:styled-content> subtendons show differential displacement and strain during various combinations of SOL<\/jats:styled-content>, LG<\/jats:styled-content>, and MG<\/jats:styled-content> excitations. Movement of knots, sutured onto SOL<\/jats:styled-content> and LG<\/jats:styled-content> subtendons of 12 Wistar rats, was videotaped, while the muscles were stimulated intramuscularly and ankle torque was assessed. When SOL<\/jats:styled-content> only was stimulated, the plantar flexion torque was the smallest among the different conditions (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a0.001). In this condition, from passive to active state, the displacement (0.57 vs 0.47\u00a0mm, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.002) and strain (8.4% vs 2.4%, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a0.001) in the SOL<\/jats:styled-content> subtendon were greater than in LG<\/jats:styled-content> subtendon. When LG<\/jats:styled-content> only was stimulated, a higher ankle torque was measured as compared to SOL<\/jats:styled-content> stimulation (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a0.001); the displacement was similar in both subtendons (~0.6\u00a0mm), while the strain was greater in LG<\/jats:styled-content> than in SOL<\/jats:styled-content> (4.7% vs 1.7%, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a0.001). When all 3 muscles were stimulated simultaneously, ankle torque was highest and the displacement (0.79 vs 0.74\u00a0mm, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.002) and strain (7.7% vs 4.4%, P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.003) were greater in SOL<\/jats:styled-content> than in LG<\/jats:styled-content>. These data show that the different subtendons of AT<\/jats:styled-content> can experience relative displacement and differential strains. Together with anatomical dissections, the results revealed that such uniformities may be due to a lower stiffness of SOL<\/jats:styled-content> subtendon compared to LG<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,24]],"date-time":"2017-11-24T04:48:41Z","timestamp":1511498921000},"page":"1009-1017","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Non\u2010uniform displacement and strain between the soleus and gastrocnemius subtendons of rat Achilles tendon"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7697-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Finni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Center Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bernabei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Movement Sciences Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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