{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T20:48:50Z","timestamp":1777495730748,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015655","name":"UK Sport","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Paralympic Committee"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The International Paralympic Committee has directed International Federations that govern Para sports to develop evidence\u2010based classification systems. This study defined the impact of limb deficiency impairment on 100\u00a0m freestyle performance to guide an evidence\u2010based classification system in Para Swimming, which will be implemented following the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic games. Impairment data and competitive race performances of 90 international swimmers with limb deficiency were collected. Ensemble partial least squares regression established the relationship between relative limb length measures and competitive 100\u00a0m freestyle performance. The model explained 80% of the variance in 100\u00a0m freestyle performance and found hand length and forearm length to be the most important predictors of performance. Based on the results of this model, Para swimmers were clustered into four\u2010, five\u2010, six\u2010, and seven\u2010class structures using nonparametric kernel density estimations. The validity of these classification structures, and effectiveness against the current classification system, were examined by establishing within\u2010class variations in 100\u00a0m freestyle performance and differences between adjacent classes. The derived classification structures were found to be more effective than current classification based on these criteria. This study provides a novel method that can be used to improve the objectivity and transparency of decision\u2010making in Para sport classification. Expert consensus from experienced coaches, Para swimmers, classifiers, and sport science and medicine personnel will benefit the translation of these findings into a revised classification system that is accepted by the Para swimming community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T14:25:43Z","timestamp":1527690343000},"page":"2397-2406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A novel method to guide classification of para swimmers with limb deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7085-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Hogarth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Sport Sciences University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Payton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEAL Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University  Crewe UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Van de Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Scientific Department International Paralympic Committee  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Connick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Movement Studies University of Queensland  St Lucia QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Burkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Sport Sciences University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119045144.ch7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1136","article-title":"International Paralympic Committee position stand\u2010background and scientific rationale for classification in paralympic sport","volume":"10","author":"Tweedy SM","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"International Paralympic Committee.World Para Swimming Classification Rules and Regulations.Bonn Germany:International Paralympic Committee;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.16.3.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/apaq.16.3.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"International Paralympic Committee.IPC Athlete Classification Code.2015;https:\/\/www.paralympic.org\/classification\/2015-athlete-classification-code. 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