{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:39:41Z","timestamp":1793255981118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Heavily loaded overhead training tasks, such as pull\u2010ups are an effective strength training and rehabilitation exercise requiring high muscle forces maintained over a large range of motion. This study used experiments and computational modeling to examine loading patterns during three different pull\u2010up variants and highlighted risks to vulnerable musculoskeletal structures. Optical motion tracking and a force platform captured kinematics and kinetics of 11 male subjects with no history of shoulder pathology, during performance of three pull\u2010up variants\u2014pronated front grip, pronated wide grip, and supinated reverse grip. UK National Shoulder model (UKNSM) simulated biomechanics of the shoulder girdle. Muscle forces and activation patterns were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA with post\u2010hoc comparisons. Motor group recruitment was similar across all pull\u2010up techniques, with upper limb depression occurring secondary to torso elevation. Stress\u2010time profiles show significant differences in individual muscle patterns among the three pull\u2010up variants, with the most marked differences between wide grip and reverse grip. Comparing across techniques, latissimus dorsi was relatively more active in wide pull\u2010ups (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01); front pull\u2010ups favored activation of biceps brachii and brachialis (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.02); reverse pull\u2010ups displayed higher proportional rotator cuff activation (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01). Pull\u2010ups promote stability of the shoulder girdle and activation of scapula stabilizers and performing pull\u2010ups over their full range of motion is important as different techniques and phases emphasize different muscles. Shoulder rehabilitation and strength &amp; conditioning programs should encourage incorporation of all three pull\u2010up variants with systematic progression to provide greater global strengthening of the torso and upper limb musculature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T22:16:50Z","timestamp":1595801810000},"page":"2205-2214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Avoiding high\u2010risk rotator cuff loading: Muscle force during three pull\u2010up techniques"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8636-7492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caryn A.","family":"Urbanczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph A. I.","family":"Prinold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4473-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony M. J.","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000084282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000209402.40864.b2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddb0ab"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181f1598c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260022801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260021701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2007.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2010.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00047-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00052-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2012.760204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1452971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"RuncimanJR.Biomechanical Model of the Shoulder Joint. 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