{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:08:53Z","timestamp":1785305333043,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008731","name":"Nakatomi Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to evaluate the acute physiological effects of high\u2010load barbell back squat exercise on each lumbar intervertebral disk with varying squat depths. Thirteen subjects (age, 23.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.5 years) performed parallel and half\u2010squat exercises (80% of one repetition maximum, eight repetitions, five sets) using a Smith machine. Sagittal magnetic resonance diffusion\u2010weighted and spin\u2010echo images of lumbar intervertebral disks were obtained by using a 1.5\u2010Tesla MR system before and after each squat exercise; apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC; an index of water movement) and T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxation time (an index of water content level) of the nucleus pulposus were calculated at all lumbar intervertebral disks. Additionally, we measured the angles of lumbar lordosis and anterior pelvic tilt at the bottom position of each squat using a three\u2010dimensional motion\u2010capture system. The nucleus pulposus of L4\/5 (\u22125.0%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01) and L5\/S1 (\u22126.6%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01) intervertebral disks showed decreased ADC values after parallel squat exercise. Moreover, post\u2010exercise ADC value in parallel squat exercise was lower than that in half\u2010squat exercise at L5\/S1 intervertebral disk (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). In contrast, the nucleus pulposus of all lumbar intervertebral disks had no significant T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> change before and after both squat exercises. The angles of lumbar lordosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01) and anterior pelvic tilt (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01) were smaller in parallel squat than in half\u2010squat. Lower lumbar intervertebral disks are subject to greater mechanical stress during high\u2010load parallel back squat exercise, which may result from smaller lumbar lordosis and anterior pelvic tilt angles at the bottom position during parallel squat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T14:50:50Z","timestamp":1602341450000},"page":"350-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Acute effects of varying squat depths on lumbar intervertebral disks during high\u2010load barbell back squat exercise"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8125-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Yanagisawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business Information Sciences Jobu University Isesaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Oshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sport Sciences Waseda University Tokorozawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sport Sciences Waseda University Tokorozawa Japan"},{"name":"Baseball &amp; Sports Clininc Kawasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Education Core Curriculum Division Seigakuin University Ageo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Kaneoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences Waseda University Tokorozawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.30.434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.16.06184-3","article-title":"The geometric curvature of the lumbar spine during restricted and unrestricted squats","volume":"57","author":"Hebling Campos M","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e2e166"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198510000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00037-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B4.4030863"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198205000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0073-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bac2d7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-363708-6.50012-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2352040437"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1674-8301(11)60026-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3721-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001283"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21390"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508323252"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24624"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199506000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/16\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200109010-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-169750"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","volume-title":"The design and analysis of clinical experiments","author":"Fleiss J","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0784-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(91)90005-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2019.1675751"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199303000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198309000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002150-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199212000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cb27e7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000382"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a59453"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.13850","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/sms.13850","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.13850","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T14:52:23Z","timestamp":1693752743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.13850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.13850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13850","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}