{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:46:21Z","timestamp":1790642781360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sport science and medicine practitioners are interested in the relationships between training load, injury, and illness. The extent to which training preparedness is associated with workload\u2010related injury and illness risk is debated. Therefore, this study applied multi\u2010level mixed effect logistic regression to investigate time\u2010dependent (\u00b17\u2010 and \u00b128\u2010day) relationships between training preparedness (fatigue, mood, motivation, soreness, stress, sleep duration, and quality), training load, injury, and illness in 536 elite and pre\u2010elite female netball athletes. Absolute risk (AR\u00a0\u00b1\u00a095% CI) of sustaining an injury (0.98\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06%, n\u00a0=\u00a01122 injuries, N\u00a0=\u00a0254 athletes) or illness (1.09\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.10%, n\u00a0=\u00a02881, N\u00a0=\u00a0432 athletes) was calculated. All training preparedness variables combined resulted in an absolute risk of 0.88%\u20105.88% and 0.87%\u201020% for injury and illness, respectively. Injury and illness had significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) bidirectional (ie, both increased and decreased) associations with physical (soreness) and physiological (sleep duration and quality), while illness also had negative (mood, motivation) and positive (stress) associations with psychological training preparedness variables. Low sleep duration in the 48\u2010h period prior was associated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.005) with increased injury risk (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.91\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03; AR\u00a0=\u00a04.00%), while \u201cvery poor\u201d sleep quality (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.59\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02; AR\u00a0=\u00a07.83%) or extremes of too little (&lt;5 hours, OR\u00a0=\u00a01.01\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03; AR\u00a0=\u00a03.13%\u201014.29%) and too much (&gt;10 hours, OR\u00a0=\u00a01.01\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.03; AR\u00a0=\u00a02.61%\u201010.98%) sleep had bidirectional associations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) with an increased illness risk. Changes in training preparedness variables demonstrated bidirectional associations with injury and illness. These outcomes suggest that sport science and medicine practitioners should monitor sleep, physical, and psychological recovery status, to aid early detection and intervention regarding injury and illness symptomology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T08:35:02Z","timestamp":1604046902000},"page":"691-701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Impaired recovery is associated with increased injury and illness: A retrospective study of 536 female netball athletes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barry G.","family":"Horgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Sport Sport Australia Bruce ACT Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia"},{"name":"Brumbies Rugby Bruce ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael K.","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Sport Sport Australia Bruce ACT Australia"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP) Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia"},{"name":"University of Canberra Research into Sport and Exercise (UCRISE) University of Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shona L.","family":"Halson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Sport Sport Australia Bruce ACT Australia"},{"name":"Australian Catholic University Banyo QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Piromalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Sport Sport Australia Bruce ACT Australia"},{"name":"Netball Australia Fitzroy VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric J.","family":"Drinkwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia"},{"name":"Center for Sport Research School of Exercise &amp; Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale W.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Sport Sport Australia Bruce ACT Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia"},{"name":"New South Wales Institute of Sport Sydney Olympic Park NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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