{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:46:44Z","timestamp":1780663604219,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Weaker hamstrings muscular forces and lower ratio of the hamstrings\/quadriceps muscular forces in female athletes have been identified as modifiable risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, sex differences in athletes\u2019 ability to react to visual cues (Choice Visual\u2010Motor Reaction Time: VMRT) and to generate knee muscular forces (rate of force development: RFD) immediately following the visual cues were largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine sex differences in Choice VMRT and RFD. A total of 50 high school basketball athletes (26F\/24\u00a0M) participated in the study. Subjects sat in the knee dynamometer chair with their knee secured at 70\u00b0 of knee flexion and performed knee extension or flexion maximum voluntary isometric contractions immediately after they saw the visual cue: \u201cUP\u201d or \u201cDOWN\u201d arrows, respectively. Choice VMRT was defined as the time between the visual cue and the initiation of muscular force development (&gt;5Newtons). RFD was calculated by dividing the changes in forces over the changes in time at four time points (0\u201350\/100\/150\/200\u00a0ms). Peak muscular forces and RFD were normalized to their body mass. Average of three trials in each direction (flexion and extension) in each leg was used for statistical analyses. Females had significantly slower Choice VMRT (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001\u20130.027) and lower knee extension RFD at 100\u00a0ms (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.005). In addition, females had significantly higher knee flexion\/extension ratio than males in late RFD (150\u00a0ms and 200\u00a0ms) (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.004). The current study has provided additional sensorimotor characteristics of athletes and sexes in addition to their knee muscular characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T08:07:36Z","timestamp":1619597256000},"page":"1699-1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High school female basketball athletes exhibit decreased knee\u2010specific choice visual\u2010motor reaction time"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1597-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Nagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Natick MA USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6038-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Schilaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2723-0311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel A.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Bies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April L.","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Olympic &amp; Paralympic Committee Colorado Springs CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Hewett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Consortium for Sports Research Parker CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515617742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000486"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519850165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507301585"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2019.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01281-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Visual reaction time and visual anticipation time between athletes and non\u2010athletes","volume":"1","author":"Kuan YM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malaysian J Public Health Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027550"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.157168"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507299532"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318776372"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13698"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"The main factor causing prolonged reaction time on force producing process following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"49","author":"Kaneko F","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hiroshima J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05513-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1168933"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Symmetry of electromechanical delay, peak torque and rate of force development in knee flexors and extensors in female and male subjects","volume":"17","author":"Szpala A","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng Biomech"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.063420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"Foundations of Clinical Research","author":"Portney LG","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.781"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00494"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176976"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2019-0308"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580590969235"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000688"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0070-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13733"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3063-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e318190bddb"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01239-x"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; 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