{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:37:22Z","timestamp":1790674642543,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The purpose of this cross\u2010sectional study was to compare explosive strength and underpinning contractile, hypertrophic, and neuromuscular activation characteristics of long\u2010term maximum strength\u2010trained (LT\u2010MST; ie, \u22653\u00a0years of consistent, regular knee extensor training) and untrained individuals. Sixty\u2010three healthy young men (untrained [UNT]\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a049, and LT\u2010MST\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a014) performed isometric maximum and explosive voluntary, as well as evoked octet knee extension contractions. Torque, quadriceps, and hamstring surface EMG were recorded during all tasks. Quadriceps anatomical cross\u2010sectional area (QACSA\n                    <jats:sub>MAX<\/jats:sub>\n                    ; via MRI) was also assessed. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT; +66%) and QACSA\n                    <jats:sub>MAX<\/jats:sub>\n                    (+54%) were greater for LT\u2010MST than UNT ([both]\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Absolute explosive voluntary torque (25\u2013150\u00a0ms after torque onset; +41 to +64%; [all]\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; 1.15\u2264 effect size [ES]\u22642.36) and absolute evoked octet torque (50\u00a0ms after torque onset; +43,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; ES\u00a0=\u00a03.07) were greater for LT\u2010MST than UNT. However, relative (to MVT) explosive voluntary torque was lower for LT\u2010MST than UNT from 100 to 150\u00a0ms after contraction onset (\u221211% to \u221216%; 0.001\u00a0\u2264\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.002; 0.98\u00a0\u2264\u00a0ES\u00a0\u2264\u00a01.11). Relative evoked octet torque 50\u00a0ms after onset was lower (\u221210%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; ES\u00a0=\u00a01.14) and octet time to peak torque longer (+8%;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.001; ES\u00a0=\u00a01.18) for LT\u2010MST than UNT indicating slower contractile properties, independent from any differences in torque amplitude. The greater absolute explosive strength of the LT\u2010MST group was attributable to higher evoked explosive strength, that in turn appeared to be due to larger quadriceps muscle size, rather than any differences in neuromuscular activation. In contrast, the inferior relative explosive strength of LT\u2010MST appeared to be underpinned by slower intrinsic\/evoked contractile properties.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T11:57:52Z","timestamp":1641211072000},"page":"685-697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effect of long\u2010term maximum strength training on explosive strength, neural, and contractile properties"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6935-8228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Balshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Loughborough University  Leicestershire UK"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences Loughborough University  Leicestershire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry J.","family":"Massey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Loughborough University  Leicestershire UK"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences Loughborough University  Leicestershire UK"},{"name":"School of Sport and Health Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Maden\u2010Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences Loughborough University  Leicestershire UK"},{"name":"Academy of Sport and Physical Activity Faculty of Health and Wellbeing Collegiate Campus Sheffield Hallam University  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel B.","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences Loughborough University  Leicestershire UK"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation University of Maryland Baltimore  Baltimore US"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Folland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Loughborough University  Leicestershire UK"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences Loughborough University  Leicestershire 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