{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:30:57Z","timestamp":1792103457463,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abuse of anabolic\u2010androgenic steroids (AAS) has been linked to a variety of different cardiovascular (CV) side effects, but still the clinical effects of AAS abuse on CV risk are not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the CV phenotype of a large cohort of men with long\u2010term AAS use compared with strength\u2010trained athletes without AAS use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty one strength\u2010trained men with \u22653\u00a0years of AAS use was compared with twenty one\u00a0strength\u2010trained competing athletes. We verified substance abuse and non\u2010abuse by blood and urine analyses. The participants underwent comprehensive CV evaluation including laboratory analyses, 12\u2010lead ECG with measurement of QT dispersion, exercise ECG, 24\u00a0h ECG with analyses of heart rate variability, signal averaged ECG, basic transthoracic echocardiography, and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hemoglobin levels and hematocrit were higher among the AAS users compared with non\u2010users (16.8 vs. 15.0\u00a0g\/dl, and 0.50% vs. 0.44%, respectively, both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and HDL cholesterol significantly lower (0.69 vs. 1.25\u00a0mmol\/L, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Maximal exercise capacity was 270 and 280\u00a0W in the AAS and the non\u2010user group, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04). Echocardiography showed thicker intraventricular septum and left ventricular (LV) posterior wall among AAS users (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01 for both), while LV ejection fraction was lower (50 vs. 54%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02). Seven AAS users (17%) had evidence of coronary artery disease on CCTA. There were no differences in ECG measures between the groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A divergent CV phenotype dominated by increased CV risk, accelerated coronary artery disease, and concentric myocardial hypertrophy was revealed among the AAS users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T09:45:02Z","timestamp":1650707102000},"page":"1170-1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Cardiovascular phenotype of long\u2010term anabolic\u2010androgenic steroid abusers compared with strength\u2010trained athletes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0315-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tea S\u00e6tereng","family":"Fyksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine 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