{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:51:14Z","timestamp":1782773474222,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate how rifle carriage and skiing speed during biathlon roller skiing affect range of motion (ROM) in joint angles and equipment (skis and poles), the vertical distance between shoulders and treadmill (vert<jats:sub>dist<\/jats:sub>), as well as possible sex differences associated with rifle carriage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen biathletes (6 women, 8 men) roller\u2010skied on a treadmill at submaximal and simulated race speeds, with (WR) and without (NR) a rifle, using gears 3 and 2. Kinematical data for the whole body, poles, roller\u2010skis, rifle, and treadmill were monitored using a 3D motion capture system. Movements determined as flexion\/extension (x), abduction\/adduction (y), and\/or internal\/external rotation (z) were analyzed for the hip, shoulder, thorax, knee, ankle, elbow, poles, and roller skis. ROM (the difference between maximal and minimal angles) in joints and equipment, and vert<jats:sub>dist<\/jats:sub> were analyzed over six skiing cycles during each condition (WR and NR) and speed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The maximal vert<jats:sub>dist<\/jats:sub> was lower for WR compared with NR (gear 3: 1.53\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06 vs 1.54\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009m; gear 2: 1.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06 vs 1.51\u2009\u00b1\u20090.06\u2009m; both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). ROM in the upper body was altered when roller skiing WR (movements decreased in thorax and shoulder (x) and increased in elbow (only gear 3) (x), thorax (only gear 2), and shoulder (y) and (z); all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and increased with speed, without differences between sexes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since rifle carriage and speed appear to affect the kinematics of roller skiing, coaches, and biathletes are advised to perform skiing technique training under competition\u2010like conditions (i.e., at race speeds while carrying the rifle).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T10:45:18Z","timestamp":1669027518000},"page":"444-454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Kinematical effects of rifle carriage on <scp>roller skiing<\/scp> in <scp>well\u2010trained<\/scp> female and male biathletes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Jonsson K\u00e5rstr\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre Mid Sweden University  \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"St\u00f6ggl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science University of Salzburg  Salzburg Austria"},{"name":"Red Bull Athlete Performance Center  Salzburg Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Lund","family":"Ohlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre Mid Sweden University  \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1273-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry","family":"McGawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre Mid Sweden University  \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5574-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko S.","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre Mid Sweden University  \u00d6stersund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00796"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2019.1665884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1976493"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00099"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1372-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3078-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1535-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01078.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199804000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000000438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000001031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600757237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HarmanE HoonK FrykmanP PandorfC.The effect of backpach weight on the biomehanics of load carriage. 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