{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:28:20Z","timestamp":1789507700238,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long\u2010term effects of playing soccer (football) on the brain structure and function of the brain are vividly debated. While some studies showed differences in neurocognitive performance and structural brain changes in retired male players, data on female players are scarce. The present study compares cortical thickness and neurocognitive performance in former high\u2010level female soccer (SOC) and non\u2010contact sport athletes (CON).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>3\u2009T\u00a0T1\u2010weighted 3D MPRAGE MRI was performed, and vertex\u2010wise cortical thickness was analyzed using FreeSurfer (v. 6.0.0). Neurocognitive performance in seven domains of SOC and CON was assessed. A multivariate linear model was used to analyze interactions with respect to heading frequency and a history of concussion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SOC (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015, mean age 38.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1\u2009years) and CON (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016, mean age 36.6\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8\u2009years) had a similar cortical thickness and performed similarly in the neurocognitive tests except for verbal memory and psychomotor speed, where SOC performed significantly worse than CON. Moderate headers had a significantly larger cortical thickness than rare headers in the right inferior parietal region. Visual memory and cortical thickness were positively correlated in the group of frequent headers and negatively correlated in CON, but not in the other header groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Perspective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast to previous reports in male soccer players, female players did not reveal cortical thinning in comparison with control athletes, whereas neurocognitive profiles of female soccer players might not significantly differ from male athletes. Small sample sizes, subjective header assessment, and the case\u2013control study design require a cautious interpretation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T04:06:56Z","timestamp":1675742816000},"page":"921-930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cortical thickness and neurocognitive performance in former high\u2010level female soccer and non\u2010contact sport athletes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8127-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska Katharina","family":"Haase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Medicine Paderborn University  Paderborn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Prien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine MSH Medical School Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Amsterdam Collaboration on Health &amp; Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Douw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. 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