{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:18:49Z","timestamp":1773389929091,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,2]],"date-time":"2023-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to analyze the effect of a head\u2010to\u2010head virtual race on 20\u2010km time trial performance in well\u2010trained mentally fatigued cyclists. A total of 24 male professional cyclists participated in the present study, which was conducted in a within\u2010factors design [four experimental conditions\u2009\u00d7\u2009four times (throughout 20\u2010km time trial cycling)]. An avatar representing the participant on the racecourse was visible during the time trials. Then, a second virtual avatar representing the opponent was projected onto the screen in the mental fatigue head\u2010to\u2010head and control head\u2010to\u2010head experimental conditions. Measurements [rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, and eye\u2010tracking measures (i.e., pupil diameter)] were performed every 5\u2010km throughout the 20\u2010km time trial. As a result, impaired total time, power output, and cadence throughout the 20\u2010km cycling time trial were found for mental fatigue compared to mental fatigue head\u2010to\u2010head, control head\u2010to\u2010head, and control conditions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Also, impaired 20\u2010km time trial performance (total time, power output, and cadence) was found for mental fatigue head\u2010to\u2010head compared to control head\u2010to\u2010head (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, lower RPE was found for the control and control head\u2010to\u2010head conditions than mental fatigue head\u2010to\u2010head and mental fatigue experimental conditions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Higher pupil diameter was also found for mental fatigue head\u2010to\u2010head, control head\u2010to\u2010head, and control than the mental fatigue experimental condition (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In summary, the overall performance throughout the 20\u2010km cycling time trial was improved by the presence of a virtual opponent for the mentally fatigued cyclists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T06:13:29Z","timestamp":1688364809000},"page":"1984-1997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Head\u2010to\u2010head opponent mitigates mental fatigue effects during a 20\u2010km time trial in well\u2010trained cyclists"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3294-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elisa Caputo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora  Juiz de Fora 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