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The children were allocated to a combined dietary and PA intervention group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009237) or a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009160) without blinding.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The children and their parents allocated to the intervention group had six dietary counseling sessions of 30\u201345\u2009min and six PA counseling sessions of 30\u201345\u2009min during the 2\u2010year intervention period. The children were also encouraged to participate in after\u2010school exercise clubs. Cognition was assessed by the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices. We assessed dietary factors by 4\u2009days food records and computed the Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) as a measure of diet quality. PA and ST were assessed by a combined heart rate and body movement monitor, types of PA and SB by a questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention had no effect on cognition. Increased BSDS and consumption of low\u2010fat milk and decreased consumption of red meat and sausages were associated with improved cognition over 2\u2009years. Increased organized sports, ST, and reading were positively, while unsupervised PA, computer use, and writing were negatively associated with cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combined dietary and PA intervention had no effect on cognition. Improved diet quality and increased organized sports and reading were associated with improved cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T05:58:53Z","timestamp":1691560733000},"page":"2340-2350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of 2\u2010year dietary and physical activity intervention on cognition in children\u2014a nonrandomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Sehrish","family":"Naveed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taisa","family":"Sallinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine 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