{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:18:10Z","timestamp":1790813890883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hot water immersion (HWI) has gained popularity to promote muscle recovery, despite limited data on the optimal heat dose. The purpose of this study was to compare the responses of two exogenous heat strains on core body temperature, hemodynamic adjustments, and key functional markers of muscle recovery following exercise\u2010induced muscle damage (EIMD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010eight physically active males completed an individually tailored EIMD protocol immediately followed by one of the following recovery interventions: HWI (40\u00b0C, HWI<jats:sub>40<\/jats:sub>), HWI (41\u00b0C, HWI<jats:sub>41<\/jats:sub>) or warm water immersion (36\u00b0C, CON<jats:sub>36<\/jats:sub>). Gastrointestinal temperature (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>gi<\/jats:sub>), hemodynamic adjustments (cardiac output [CO], mean arterial pressure [MAP], and systemic vascular resistance [SVR]), pre\u2010frontal cortex deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), ECG\u2010derived respiratory frequency, and subjective perceptual measures were tracked throughout immersion. In addition, functional markers of muscle fatigue (maximal concentric peak torque [<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub>]) and muscle damage (late\u2010phase rate of force development [RFD<jats:sub>100\u2013200<\/jats:sub>]) were measured prior to EIMD (pre\u2010), 24\u2009h (post\u201024\u2009h), and 48\u2009h (post\u201048\u2009h) post\u2010EIMD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>By the end of immersion, HWI<jats:sub>41<\/jats:sub> led to significantly higher <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>gi<\/jats:sub> values than HWI<jats:sub>40<\/jats:sub> (38.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 vs. 38.0\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00b0C, <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\u20090.001). While MAP was well maintained throughout immersion, only HWI<jats:sub>41<\/jats:sub> led to increased (HHb) (+4.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.47\u2009\u03bcM; <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u20090.005) and respiratory frequency (+4.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.21 breath.min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u20090.032). Only HWI<jats:sub>41<\/jats:sub> mitigated the decline in RFD<jats:sub>100\u2013200<\/jats:sub> at post\u201024\u2009h (\u22127.1\u2009\u00b1\u200931.8%; <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u20090.63) and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub> at post\u201048\u2009h (\u22123.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.3%, <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u20091).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In physically active males, maintaining a core body temperature of ~25\u2009min within the range of 38.5\u00b0C\u201339\u00b0C has been found to be effective in improving muscle recovery, while minimizing the risk of excessive physiological heat strain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T15:20:04Z","timestamp":1695655204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Hot water 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