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We explored the associations of physical fitness with gray matter (GM) volume of VI, VIIb and Crus I &amp; II, which are cerebellar lobules related to cognition, in 40 (22 females; 17.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2009year\u2010old) adolescents, and whether the associations were sex\u2010specific. Peak oxygen uptake (V\u0307O2<jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub>) and power were assessed by maximal ramp test on a cycle ergometer, muscular strength with standing long jump (SLJ), speed\u2010agility with the shuttle\u2010run test (SRT), coordination with the Box and Block Test (BBT) and neuromuscular performance index (NPI) as the sum of SLJ, BBT and SRT z\u2010scores. Body composition was measured using a dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry. Cerebellar volumes were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. V\u0307O2<jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub> relative to lean mass was inversely associated with the GM volume of the cerebellum (standardized regression coefficient (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>)\u2009=\u2009\u22120.038, 95% confidence interval (CI) \u20100.075 to 0.001, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.044). Cumulative NPI was positively associated with the GM volume of Crus I (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.362, 95% CI 0.045 to 0.679, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027). In females, better performance in SRT was associated with a larger GM volume of Crus I (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.373, 95% CI \u20100.760 to \u22120.028, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036). In males, cumulative NPI was inversely associated with the GM volume of Crus II (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.793, 95% CI \u20101.579 to \u22120.008 <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048). Other associations were nonsignificant. In conclusion, cardiorespiratory fitness, neuromuscular performance and speed\u2010agility were associated with cerebellar GM volume, and the strength and direction of associations were sex\u2010specific.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T02:55:36Z","timestamp":1697079336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Associations between physical fitness and cerebellar gray matter volume in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8758-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petri","family":"Jalanko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine (HULA) Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8877-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"S\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Physics University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology\/Imaging Center Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6706-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Kallioniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mervi","family":"K\u00f6n\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Radiology Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9199-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo A.","family":"Lakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"M\u00e4\u00e4tt\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5096-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eero A.","family":"Haapala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio 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