{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:44:00Z","timestamp":1788554640628,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The International Paralympic Committee has been promoting the development of evidence\u2010based classification to reduce the subjectivity in current decision\u2010making systems. The current study aimed to evaluate the validity of the impairment and performance tests for para\u2010alpine sit skiing classification, and whether cluster analysis of the measures would produce a valid classification structure. Thirty\u2010eight para\u2010alpine sit skiers with different disabilities completed seven tests. During these tests, isometric trunk strength, trunk muscle excitation, trunk range of movement (ROM), and simulated skiing performance (board tilt angle) were assessed. Correlations between the measures and the board tilt angle were calculated. To group athletes, K\u2010means cluster analysis was performed according to how much the impairment measures affected the board tilting. There were significant correlations between all measures and the maximal board tilt angle (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.35\u20130.81, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The cluster analysis revealed that the introduction of ROM and muscle excitation was an effective supplement to strength measures in improving the classification accuracy (53%\u201379%). It produced four clusters with strong structures (mean silhouette coefficient\u2009=\u20090.81) and large and significant inter\u2010cluster differences in most measures and performance between clusters (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The cluster analysis produced classes comprising athletes with similar degrees of activity limitation. All tests reported can help establish a more transparent classification system for para\u2010alpine sit skiers. This study also provides a reference for evidence\u2010based classification systems in other Para sports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T06:14:36Z","timestamp":1697177676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cluster analysis of multiple impairment measures in evidence\u2010based classification for para\u2010alpine sit skiers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Kaiqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijia","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Tsinghua University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.065060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1961022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"International Paralympic Committee.World Para Alpine Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations.https:\/\/www.paralympic.org\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/160301100900363_2016_02+IPC+Alpine+Skiing+Classification+Rules+and+Regulations_0.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"2018","volume-title":"IPC Classification Code and International Standards","author":"International Paralympic Committee","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2022.435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1955523"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1504606"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754337119843415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1815957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Role of muscle activation in the sit\u2010skiing performance and classification process","author":"Rapp W","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci and Nordic Skiing III"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31824200a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.762598"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2019.1710559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.10.096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091746"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"KonradP.The ABC of EMG: A practical introduction to kinesiological electromyography.2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.06.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Finding Groups in Data: an Introduction to Cluster Analysis","author":"Kaufman L","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"The need to report effect size estimates revisited. an overview of some recommended measures of effect size","volume":"21","author":"Tomczak M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Sport Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00985"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.14514","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T08:43:25Z","timestamp":1721724205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.14514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.14514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14514","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-06-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14514"}}