{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T14:50:18Z","timestamp":1792248618966,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007834","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n This study investigated the effects of a 12\u2010week gait retraining program on the morphological and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon (AT) during running on the basis of real\u2010time dynamic ultrasound imaging.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 30 male recreational runners who were used to wearing cushioned shoes with a rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern were recruited. They were randomized into a retraining group (RG,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200915) and a control group (CG,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200915). The RG group was asked to run in five\u2010fingered minimalist shoes with a forefoot strike (FFS) pattern, and the CG group was asked to keep their strike pattern. Three training sessions were performed per week. All the participants in RG uploaded running tracks obtained through a mobile application (.jpg) after each session for training supervision. The ground reaction force, kinematics, and kinetics of the ankle joint at 10\u2009km\/h were collected using an instrumented split\u2010belt treadmill and a motion capture system. The morphological (length and cross\u2010sectional area) and mechanical characteristics (force, stress, strain, etc.) of AT in\u00a0vivo were recorded and calculated with a synchronous ultrasonic imaging instrument before and after the intervention. Repeated two\u2010way ANOVA was used to compare the aforementioned parameters.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 28 participants completed the training. The strike angle of RG after training was significantly smaller than that before training and significantly smaller than that of CG after training (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1, 13)<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u200923.068,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, partial\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.640). The length (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1, 13)<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u200910.086,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.007, partial\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.437) and CSA (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1, 13)<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20097.475,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.017, partial\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.365) of AT in RG increased after training. A significant main effect for time was observed for the time\u2010to\u2010peak AT force (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1, 13)<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20095.225,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.040, partial\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.287), average (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1, 13)<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20097.228,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.019, partial\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.357), and peak AT loading rate (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1, 13)<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u200911.687,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.005, partial\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.473).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Preliminary evidence indicated that a 12\u2010week gait retraining program could exert a beneficial effect on AT. 57% (8\/14) runners in RG shifted from RFS to FFS pattern. Although not all runners were categorized as FFS pattern after the intervention, their foot strike angle was reduced. Retraining primarily positively promoted AT morphological properties (i.e., CSA and length) to strengthen AT capability for mechanical loading.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:52:16Z","timestamp":1697071936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of a 12\u2010week gait retraining program on the Achilles tendon adaptation of habitually shod runners"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0559-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xini","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science Ningbo University Ningbo China"},{"name":"Research Academy of Grand Health Ningbo University Ningbo China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songlin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7552-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijie","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education Shanghai University of Sport Shanghai 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