{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:44:50Z","timestamp":1790181890975,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Med Sci Sports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the effects of Qigong on the anxiety state, heart rate variability (HRV), and breathing of anxious college students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 37 individuals (18\u201325\u2009years old) were randomly allocated to the control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919) and intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918) groups. Qigong interventions were conducted five times weekly for 12\u2009weeks, with each session lasting 60\u2009min. Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Fatigue Scale 14, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and 36\u2010item Short Form Survey, HRV, and respiration data were collected before and after the 3\u2010month intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individuals who participated in the three\u2010month Qigong exercise intervention showed a significant reduction in anxiety, particularly mental anxiety (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.05). Subjects in the intervention group presented a decrease in skin temperature (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.05) and an increase in blood volume pulsation (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.05). Meanwhile, HRV exhibited a significant increase in the standard deviation of interbeat interval before and after comparisons (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.05) and between the two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.039) and a reduction in the normalized low\u2010frequency power after the intervention. Moreover, the intervention group experienced increased abdominal breathing depth and abdominal breathing per minute (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that Qigong is an effective mind\u2013body exercise strategy for relieving anxiety. HRV and breathing were improved accordingly among college students after the completion of the 3\u2010month Qigong program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T23:35:46Z","timestamp":1697067346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effects of 3\u2010month Qigong exercise on heart rate variability and respiration in anxious college students"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7231-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiatong","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingmei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports and Health Research Center, Department of Physical Education Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cicchella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International College of Football Tongji University  Shanghai People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202112_27632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.4\/nkoen"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x18500131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x12500206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05172-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20170042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.806025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000027344"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.08.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00222"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98736-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90072-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90081-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.113.005361"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-019-09448-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.956316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvoice.2021.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450390245306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2006.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0861-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6351938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.13018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735420949677"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711414625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-015-9279-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-013-9226-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-012-0441-4"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &amp; Science in Sports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/sms.14521","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T04:45:30Z","timestamp":1721709930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/sms.14521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/sms.14521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.14521","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-7188","1600-0838"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-7188","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0838","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14521"}}